AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. Ammonium persulfate is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. Ammonium persulfate is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent. The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.

CAS No. : 7727-54-0
EC No. : 231-786-5

Synonyms:
AP; APS; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; PER; Ammonium persulfate; 7727-54-0; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; Diammonium persulfate; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammoniumpersulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; UNII-22QF6L357F; CCRIS 1430; Persulfate d'ammonium [French]; PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT; EINECS 231-786-5; UN1444; 22QF6L357F; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure; Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent; HSDB 7985; Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; ammonium persulphate; ammonium per sulphate; ammonium peroxidisulfate; ammonium persulphate-d8; ACMC-209shx; Ammonium peroxydisulphate; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; CAS-7727-54-0; DB-056201; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2); Ammonium peroxodisulfate; ammonium persulfate sodium formate; ammonium persulfate-sodium cyanide; potassium cyanide and ammonium persulfate; ammonium persulfate hexahydrate; trimethyl ammonium persulfate; azane; sulfooxy hydrogen sulfate; CHEMBL2447905; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate, >=99.0%; Ammonium persulfate, LR, >=98%; ammonia; sulfuric acid sulfooxy ester; peroxydisulfuric acid, diammonia salt; AKOS015902823; Ammonium persulfate, AR, >=98.5%; Ammonium persulfate, reagent grade, 98%; Ammonium persulfate, BioXtra, >=98.0%; FT-0622340; Peroxydisulfate; Potassium peroxydisulfate; Anthion; Potassium peroxodisulfate; Potassium peroxydisulphate; Dipotassium peroxydisulfate; Dipotassium peroxodisulphate; Dipotassium persulfate; Caswell No. 700; UNII-6B86K0MCZC; Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt; potassium persulphate Persulfate ion; [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide; persulfate; UNII-1SQ1481FEQ; 1SQ1481FEQ; 15092-81-6; Sulfonatooxy sulfate; peroxydisulphate; persulfate group Ammonium persulfate, ACS reagent, >=98.0%; Ammonium persulfate, SAJ first grade, >=95.0%; A837764; AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE; Ammonium persulfate, JIS special grade, >=98.0%; potasium persulfate; potassium persuifate; AP; APS; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; PER; Ammonium persulfate; 7727-54-0; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; Diammonium persulfate; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammoniumpersulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; UNII-22QF6L357F; CCRIS 1430; Persulfate d'ammonium [French]; PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT; EINECS 231-786-5; UN1444; 22QF6L357F; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure; Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent; HSDB 7985; Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; ammonium persulphate; ammonium per sulphate; ACMC-20ajud; potassium monopersulphate; potassium peroxidisulfate Ammonium persulfate, p.a., ACS reagent, 98.0%; Ammonium persulfate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.99%; AP; APS; Ammonium persulfate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=98%; Sodium peroxydisulfate; Sodium peroxodisulfate; Disodium peroxodisulphate; Peroxydisulfuric acid, disodium salt; sodium persulphate Ammonium persulfate, for molecular biology, powder, >=98%; Ammonium persulfate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=98.0% (RT); Ammonium persulfate, for molecular biology, for electrophoresis, >=98%; AP; APS; Ammonium persulfate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., >=98%; dimethacrylate ammonium persulphate arsenate

Ammonium Persulfate

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.

Preparation of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density. The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.

Uses of Ammonium persulfate
As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, Ammonium persulfate finds many commercial applications.
Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:
[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−

The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution. This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results. The oxidation equation is thus: S2O2−8 (aq) +  e− → 2 SO2−4 (aq).
Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.
Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry. For example, in the Minisci reaction.

Usages of Ammonium persulfate
In cosmetics Industry both Ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate are used extensively as boosters for hair bleaches and for oxidization of hair dyes. They are also used as key components for bleaching formulations. Polymerization persulfates are very widely udes as initiators for emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers and emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene SBR, ABS

Metal treatment  of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate is used for treatment of metal surfaces, to etch copper on printed circuit boards, manufacturing of semiconductors and activation of copper and aluminium surfaces.
Textiles & paper in textile industry persulfates can be used for denim desizing and bleach activatiors. They can also be used for cold bleaching. In paper industry persulfates can be used for re-pulping and de-inking.

Water treatment and disinfectants
Ammonium persulfate is extensively used in waste water treatment anf oxidative degradation of harmful substances. Persulfate also used for production of disinfectants.
Other applications persulfates are used in photographic industry, bleaching baths for colour stock, modification of starch and chemical synthesis.

Safety of Ammonium persulfate
Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.

It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. Ammonium persulfate forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism. The bases, most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile). The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size. Ammonium persulfate has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry.

Application of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels.
Catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization.

Ammonium persulfate USES
1. Ammonium persulfate is used in the printed circuit boards.
2. Ammonium persulfate is used in the olefin polymerization as an initiator.
3. Ammonium persulfate is used for photography.
4. Ammonium persulfate is used as an additive for preserving the food.
5. Ammonium persulfate is used as an oxidising agent.
6. Ammonium persulfate is used to wash the infected yeast.
7. Ammonium persulfate is used for removing the pyrogallol stains.
8. Ammonium persulfate is used as a depolarizer in batteries.
9. Ammonium persulfate is used as a common ingredient in the hair bleaches.

Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground. These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production. ... Chemical Name: Ammonium persulfate; Chemical Purpose: Allows a delayed break down of the gel; Product Function: Breaker.
A mixutre of ammonium persulfate and sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to crushing (in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over it.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are used as oxidants in many industrial processes and are the main constituents of standard hair bleaching products. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that aerosols of Ammonium persulfate induce alterations in airway responsiveness. The present study examined whether exposure for 4 hr to a hair bleach composition (containing Ammonium persulfate, potassium persulphate and H2O2) or H2O2 could induce airway hyperresponsiveness and/or an obstructive ventilation pattern in a rabbit model. Exposure to the aerosols altered neither baseline airway resistance, dynamic elastance, slope of inspiratory pressure generation nor arterial blood pressure and blood gas measurements. Similarly to Ammonium persulfate, hair bleach aerosols containing > or =10.9 mg /per/ cu m persulphate (ammonium and potassium salt) in air and > or =1.36 mg /per/cu m H2O2 in air caused airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine after 4 hr of exposure. Aerosolized H2O2 (> or =37 mg /per/ cu m in air) did not influence airway responsiveness to acetylcholine. The results demonstrate that hair bleaching products containing persulphates dissolved in H2O2 cause airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine in rabbits.

A cross sectional study was performed in 32 of 33 employees of a persulphate producing chemical plant. Eighteen of 23 workmen from the same plant with no exposure to persulphates were taken as controls. Also, information was collected from medical records of the seven subjects who had left the persulphate production for medical reasons since 1971. Data were recalled by a questionnaire, skin prick tests were performed with five environmental allergens, and Ammonium persulfate (80 mg/mL). Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the same environmental allergens as in the skin test, and total IgE were measured. Lung function and bronchial responsiveness to histamine were assessed by standard procedures. Workplace concentrations of Ammonium persulfate were estimated by area and personal monitoring. The amount of persulphate was analyzed as sulphur by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Work related rhinitis was reported by one subject with exposure to persulphates, conjunctivitis and bronchitis were reportedly related to work by two controls. There were no cutaneous reactions to persulphates in either group. Four non-atopic subjects exposed to persulphates, and two controls, one atopic and one non-atopic, were considered to be hyperresponsive to histamine. Three subjects exposed to persulphates with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (provocation dose of histamine causing a 15% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD15 FEV1) < or = 1 mg) did not show variability in peak expiratory flow of > or = 20%, the rest refused peak flow measurements. None of the variables showed significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). Six of the ex- workers left because of work related contact dermatitis. Mean values for workplace concentrations of Ammonium persulfate within the bagging plant were below 1 mg/cu m, and the maximal concentrations were 1.4 mg/cu m and 3.6 mg/cu m, respectively.

Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Persulfate are inorganic salts used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners at concentrations up to 60%, in bleaches and lighteners at up to 22% and 16%, respectively, and in off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands at up to 25%. They are used in professional product bleaches and lighteners at similar concentrations. Much of the available safety test data are for Ammonium Persulfate, but these data are considered applicable to the other salts as well. Acute dermal, oral, and inhalation toxicity studies are available, but only the latter are remarkable, with gross lesions observed in the lungs, liver, stomach, and spleen.

Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In short-term and subchronic feeding studies the results were mixed; some studies found no evidence of toxicity and others found local damage to the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract, but no other systemic effects. Short-term inhalation toxicity was observed when rats were exposed to aerosolized Ammonium persulfate at concentrations of 4 mg/cu m and greater. Ammonium Persulfate (as a moistened powder) was not an irritant to intact rabbit skin, but was sensitizing (in a saline solution) to the guinea pig. It was slightly irritating to rabbit eyes.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of ammonium persulfate is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated.
We are offering Ammonium Persulfate (Cat. No. A3678) as a possible alternative. Please read the alternative product documentation carefully and contact technical service if you need additional information.

Thermo Scientific Pierce Ammonium Persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is used with TEMED to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Part No. 17919) to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.
Details of Ammonium persulfate:
• Name: Ammonium persulfate (APS)
• Formula: (NH4)2S2O8
• CAS number: 7727-54-0
• Molecular weight: 228.2
• Purity: ≥98.0%
• Insolubles: ≤0.005%

Ammonium persulfate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Outline
Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.

Ammonium persulfate is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated. People should pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion.

Chemical properties of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate is colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, the solubility is 58.2g/100ml water at 0℃.

Uses of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent.
Ammonium persulfate can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer.
Ammonium persulfate can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.

Ammonium persulfate can be used for flour modifier (Limited ≤0.3g/kg, the Japanese standard, 1999); Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungicide (limit 0.1%, FAO/WHO, 1984).
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong.

Production methods of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized.
Electrolytic process Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode.
Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8
Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑
(NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4

Description of Ammonium persulfate
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers.
Chemical Properties
Ammonium persulfate is a colorless or white crystalline solid.
Chemical Properties of Ammonium persulfate
Off-white crystalline powder

Uses of Ammonium persulfate
Used for detection and determination of manganese and iron.
Uses
As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese.
Uses of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent for food starch that is used up to 0.075% and with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%.
General Description
A white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.

Air & Water Reactions of Ammonium persulfate
Soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently.

Hazard of Ammonium persulfate
Fire risk in contact with reducers.
Health Hazard
Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with dust irritates eyes and causes skin rash.

Contact allergens of Ammonium persulfate
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents, and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, (mainly) nonimmunologic contact urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. People reacting to ammonium persulfate also react to other persulfates such as potassium persulfate.

Safety Profile of Ammonium persulfate
Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents. Releases oxygen when heated. Mxtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75℃, or contact with CO2 or water. Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts. Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx.
Potential Exposure of Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate is used as a bleaching agent, in photographic chemicals, and to make dyes. It is also used as an ingredient of polymerization catalysts.

Shipping of Ammonium persulfate
UN1444 Ammonium persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer
Purification Methods of Ammonium persulfate
Recrystallise it at room temperature from EtOH/water. Ammonium persulfate gradually loses NH3 on exposure to air. Its solubility is 0.5g/mL at 20o, and 2g/mL at 100o.

Incompatibilities of Ammonium persulfate
Decomposes in water and moist air, forming oxygen gas. A strong oxidizer; reacts with reducing agents; organic and combustible materials. Incompatible with heat, sodium peroxide (produces a friction-, heat-, and water-sensitive explosive); aluminum powder.
Waste Disposal of Ammonium persulfate
May be treated with large volumes of water, neutralized and flushed to sewer. This applies to small quantities only.
Ammonium persulfate Preparation Products And Raw materials

These rubbers are produced by radical emulsion polymerization using ammonium persulfate as initiator. This rubber has a density of 1.85 g/cm3 and has a service temperature exceeding 250°C. Vulcanization is done with diamines in combination with basic metal oxides (MgO). The vulcanization is very slow and takes about 24 h at a temperature of 200°C. Fluororubbers allow the highest use temperatures. These products have a very good oil resistance, excellent oxygen, ozone, and weather resistance, and good chemical and solvent resistance. The drawbacks are poor alkali resistance, high price, and relatively poor mechanical properties and cold flexibility.