LITHIUM HYDROXIDE

Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH.(H2O)n. Both the anhydrous and hydrated forms are white hygroscopic solids. They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Both are available commercially. While classified as a strong base, lithium hydroxide is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide.

CAS NO: 1310-65-2 ;1310-66-3
EC NO:215-183-4
IUPAC NAMES:
hydroxyde de lithium
Lithium (1+) Hydroxide
Lithium Hydrokside
Lithium Hydroxid
lithium hydroxid
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide
Lithium Hydroxide Anhydrous [for General Organic Chemistry]
Lithium Hydroxide, Monohydrate
Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate
Lithium idroxide monohydrate
lithium(1+) hydroxide
lithium(1+) ion hydroxide
lithium(1+) ion oxidanide
lithium;hydroxide

SYNONYMS:

Lithium hydroxide;1310-65-2;Lithium hydrate;Lithium hydroxide anhydrous;Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH));LiOH;Lithiumhydroxid;Lithium hydoxide;lithium;hydroxide;UNII-903YL31JAS;Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous;903YL31JAS;MFCD00011095;lithiumhydroxide;Lithium hydroxide, 98%, pure, anhydrous;EINECS 215-183-4;UN2679;UN2680;lithium hydroxid;lithium hyroxide;litium hydroxide;lithium hydorxide;Li.HO;Lithium (2H)hydroxide;EC 215-183-4;Lithiumhydroxide,solution;LithiumHydroxide,calcinated;CHEBI:33979;DTXSID70893845;EINECS235-287-3;8808AF;ANW-19255;STL185539;AKOS015904130;AKOS025264482;AKOS037479138;DB14506,;Lithium hydroxide powder, reagent grade;Lithium hydroxide, reagent grade, 98%;LITHIUM-6 HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE;Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid [UN2680] [Corrosive];FT-0627906;L0225
;Lithium hydroxide, powder, reagent grade, >=98%;Q407613;Lithium hydroxide, solution [UN2679] [Corrosive];Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid;Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate, Trace metals grade 99.8%;ithium hydrate; Lithium Hydroxide hydrate;Lithiumhydroxid (German); Hidróxido de litio (Spanish); Hydroxyde de lithium;(French);1310-65-2 [RN];215-183-4 [EINECS];Hydroxyde de lithium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name];Lithium hydroxide [ACD/IUPAC Name];;lithium hydroxide anhydrous;Lithiumhydroxid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name];MFCD00011095 [MDL number];[1310-65-2];LiOH;lithium and hydroxide;Lithium deuteroxide;Lithium hydroxide 98%+;Lithium Hydroxide, Anhydrous;Lithium Hydroxide, calcinated;Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate, Trace metals grade 99.8%,;MFCD00149772

LİTHİUM HYDROXIDE

Production
The preferred feedstock is hard-rock spodumene, where the lithium content is expressed as % lithium oxide.

Lithium carbonate route
Lithium hydroxide is often produced industrially from lithium carbonate in a metathesis reaction with calcium hydroxide:[5]

Li2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2 LiOH + CaCO3
The initially produced hydrate is dehydrated by heating under vacuum up to 180 °C.

Lithium sulfate route
An alternative route involves the intermediacy of lithium sulfate:[6][7]

α-spodumene → β-spodumene
β-spodumene + CaO → Li2O + ...
Li2O + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + H2O
Li2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 LiOH.
The main by-products are gypsum and sodium sulphate, which have some market value.

Commercial setting
According to Bloomberg, Ganfeng Lithium Co. Ltd.[8] (GFL or Ganfeng)[9] and Albemarle were the largest producers in 2020 with around 25kt/y, followed by Livent (FMC) and SQM.[8] Significant new capacity is planned, to keep pace with demand driven by vehicle electrification. Ganfeng are to expand lithium chemical capacity to 85,000 tons, adding the capacity leased from Jiangte, Ganfeng will become the largest lithium hydroxide producer globally in 2021.[8]

Albemarle's Kemerton WA plant, originally planned to deliver 100kt/y has been scaled back to 50kt/yy.[10]

in 2023 AVZ Minerals,[11] an Australian company, are planning to produce the battery-grade high-purity Primary Lithium Sulphate (PLS) containing over 80% Lithium.[12] PLS is a lithium chemical new to the market in the production of lithium hydroxide (a precursor to lithium-ion battery).

In 2020 Tianqi Lithium's, plant in Kwinana, Western Australia is the largest producer, with a capacity of 48kt/y.[13]

Applications
Lithium ion batteries
Lithium hydroxide is mainly consumed in the production of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and lithium iron phosphate. It is preferred over lithium carbonate as a precursor for lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides.[14]

Grease
A popular lithium grease thickener is Lithium 12-hydroxystearate, which produces a general-purpose lubricating grease due to its high resistance to water and usefulness at a range of temperatures.

Carbon dioxide scrubbing
Further information: carbon dioxide scrubber
Lithium hydroxide is used in breathing gas purification systems for spacecraft, submarines, and rebreathers to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gas by producing lithium carbonate and water:[15]

2 LiOH•H2O + CO2 → Li2CO3 + 3 H2O
or

2 LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O
The latter, anhydrous hydroxide, is preferred for its lower mass and lesser water production for respirator systems in spacecraft. One gram of anhydrous lithium hydroxide can remove 450 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. The monohydrate loses its water at 100–110 °C.

Precursor
Lithium hydroxide, together with lithium carbonate, is a key intermediates used for the production of other lithium compounds, illustrated by its us in the production of lithium fluoride:[5]

LiOH + HF → LiF + H2O.
Other uses
It is also used in ceramics and some Portland cement formulations. Lithium hydroxide (isotopically enriched in lithium-7) is used to alkalize the reactor coolant in pressurized water reactors for corrosion control.

Lithium hydroxide, solution appears as a clear to water-white liquid which may have a pungent odor. Contact may cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. It is used to make other chemicals.

Industry Uses    
Adsorbents and absorbents
Battery Manufacturing
Dyes
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses    
Batteries
Electrical and electronic products
Lubricants and greases
Metal products not covered elsewhere
Paper products

Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing

Construction
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Paper manufacturing
Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing

Consumer Uses
Lithium hydroxide is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, hydraulic fluids, metal working fluids and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products). Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Article service life
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
Lithium hydroxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Lithium hydroxide can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery).
Widespread uses by professional workers
Lithium hydroxide is used in the following products: hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, adhesives and sealants and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Lithium hydroxide is used in the following areas: building & construction work, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and health services.
Lithium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Formulation or re-packing
Lithium hydroxide is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, hydraulic fluids, adhesives and sealants and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites
Lithium hydroxide is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, hydraulic fluids, inks and toners, polymers, adhesives and sealants and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Lithium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), textile, leather or fur, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as processing aid and as processing aid.

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH); white, hygroscopic, crystalline material; soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in ether; there are commercially forms of monohydrate and anhydrous; used for purification of gases and air (as a carbon dioxide absorbent), as a heat transfer medium, as a storage-battery electrolyte, as a catalyst for polymerization, in ceramics, manufacturing other lithium compounds and esterification specially for lithium stearate which is used as general purpose lubricating greases due to its high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature.

General description
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H2O) is a lithium source that can be prepared from lithium carbonate by membrane electrolysis.

Application
LiOH.H2O can be used in the preparation of porous cathode films for the fabrication of lithium batteries.[1] It can also be used in the development of lithium oxygen batteries.

Lithium Hydroxide is a highly water insoluble crystalline Lithium source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments. Hydroxide, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry. Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide.

Lithium hydroxide (LiOH), commonly obtained by the reaction of lithium carbonate with lime, is used in making lithium salts (soaps) of stearic and other fatty acids; these soaps are widely used as thickeners in lubricating greases. Lithium hydroxide is also used as an additive in the electrolyte of alkaline storage batteries and as an absorbent for carbon dioxide. Other industrially important compounds include lithium chloride (LiCl) and lithium bromide (LiBr). They form concentrated brines capable of absorbing aerial moisture over a wide range of temperatures; these brines are commonly employed in large refrigerating and air-conditioning systems. Lithium fluoride (LiF) is used chiefly as a fluxing agent in enamels and glasses.

Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is available commercially in anhydrous form and as the monohydrate (LiOH•H2O), both of which are strong bases.

Lithium hydroxide is used as a heat transfer medium, as a storage-battery electrolyte and also used for the production of lithium greases. It is also used in ceramics, in some portland cement formulations, in the absoption of carbondioxide from sealed enviornments such as submarines, spacecrafts and breathing apparatus. It is used in esterification reactions, as stabilizer in photographic developments and as a coolant in pressurized water reactors for corrosion control.

Lithium hydroxide is used mainly to produce lubricating grease that can withstand extreme temperature and load conditions. Approximately 70% of lubricating greases produced in the world contain lithium. Lithium hydroxide is also used in batteries and colorants.

This is classified as a Dangerous Good for transport and may be subject to additional shipping charges.

Molecular formula: HLiO
Molar mass: 22.940
CAS Registry Number: 1310-65-2
Appearance: Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, 99.995% (metals basis); Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 98%; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, 98%; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, 99.995% (metals basis); Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 98%; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, 98%; white crystals or pellets
Melting point: 470 °C
Boiling point: 924 to 925
Solubility: Soluble in water. Slightly soluble in alcohol
Safety sheet: Not available

Cosmetic Uses:    
buffering agents
hair straightening agents
hair waving agents

General Description

A clear to water-white liquid which may have a pungent odor. Contact may cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION(1310-65-2) may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION(1310-65-2) is used to make other chemicals.

Reactivity Profile

LITHIUM HYDROXIDE neutralizes acids exothermically to form salts plus water. Reacts with certain metals (such as aluminum and zinc) to form oxides or hydroxides of the metal and generate gaseous hydrogen. May initiate polymerization reactions in polymerizable organic compounds, especially epoxides. May generate flammable and/or toxic gases with ammonium salts, nitrides, halogenated organics, various metals, peroxides, and hydroperoxides. May serve as a catalyst. Reacts when heated above about 84°C with aqueous solutions of reducing sugars other than sucrose, to evolve toxic levels of carbon monoxide.

[Physical Properties]

Lithium hydroxide is a white tetragonal crystals; refractive index 1.464; density 1.46 g/cm3; melts at 450°C; decomposes at 924°C; dissolves in water (12.8g/100g at 20°C and 17.5 g/100g at 100°C); slightly soluble in alcohol.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is white monoclinic crystalline solid; refractive index 1.460; density 1.51 g/cm3; soluble in water, more soluble than the anhydrous salt (22.3g and 26.8g/100g at 10 and 100°C, respectively); slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.
Uses

Lithium hydroxide is used as an electrolyte in certain alkaline storage batteries; and in the production of lithium soaps. Other uses of this compound include its catalytic applications in esterification reactions in the production of alkyd resins; in photographic developer solutions; and as a starting material to prepare other lithium salts.

Preparation

Lithium hydroxide is prepared by the reaction of lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide:
Li2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2LiOH + CaCO3
Calcium carbonate is filtered out and the solution is evaporated and crystallized.
The product obtained is the monohydrate, LiOH•H2O. The anhydrous compound is obtained by heating the hydrate above 100°C in vacuum or carbon dioxide-free air.
The hydroxide also may be prepared by treating lithium oxide with water.

Reaction

Lithium hydroxide is a base. However, it is less basic than sodium or potassium hydroxide.
The compound undergoes neutralization reactions with acids:
LiOH + HCl → LiCl + H2O
Heating the compound above 800°C in vacuum yields lithium oxide:
2LiOH Li2O + H2O
Lithium hydroxide readily absorbs carbon dioxide, forming lithium carbonate:
2LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O
Passing chlorine through a solution of lithium hydroxide yields lithium hypochlorite:
LiOH + Cl2 → LiOCl + HCl
Saponification of fatty acids with lithium hydroxide produces lithium soaps.
LiOH + CH3(CH2)16COOH → CH3(CH2)16COOLi + H2O
(stearic acid)        (lithium stearate)

Lithium Hydroxide is a type of inorganic compound that has a chemical formula of LiOH. In terms of the appearance of this chemical, you’re going to find that it comes as a white crystal type of material and it is completely soluble in water and just a little bit soluble in ethanol. This type of chemical can be purchased in a couple different forms that are both going to be great bases to use and it is one of the weakest bases you will find when it is compared to the other types of alkali metal hydroxides. The main application that Lithium hydroxide is used for is the production of lithium greases that are mostly used as lubrication.

It is mainly used as raw material for preparing lithium compounds. It can also be used in metallurgy, petroleum, glass, ceramics and other industries.

Uses: Used in making lithium salt and lithium grease, electrolyte of alkaline battery, absorption liquid of lithium bromide refrigerator, etc.

A chemical compound having the formula LiOH or HLiO which appears under the form of colorless crystals, is slightly soluble in alcohol, is soluble in water, absorbs carbon dioxide and water from air, derives from the causticizing of lithium carbonate, the action of water on metallic lithium or by addition of Li2O to water, and is used as a catalyst, a storage battery electrolyte, a carbon dioxide absorbent in space vehicles, in ceramics, lubricating greases, photographic developers and lithium soaps.

Produit chimique de formule LiOH ou HLiO se présentant sous la forme de cristaux incolores, solubles dans l'eau, peu solubles dans l'alcool, que l'on utilise dans les accumulateurs au fer-nickel, la préparation des sels de lithium et en photographie.

Lithium Hydroxide, Anhydrous, also known as lithine, is a hygroscopic crystalline material mainly consumed for the production of lithium greases such as lithium stearate. It is also used as a heat transfer medium and as a storage-battery electrolyte. Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.

Lithium hydroxide is a white monoclinic fine crystal. It has a spicy taste. Strongly alkaline. It absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture in the air. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. Corrosive.

It is easy to absorb carbon dioxide and water in the air, but the absorption capacity is slightly worse than NaOH and KOH. Lithium hydroxide has the property of a base, and the following reaction can occur.

1. Alkaline reaction

The purple litmus test solution can be turned blue, and the colorless phenolphthalein test solution turns red; and the concentrated solution is experimentally verified to denature the phenolphthalein to change the solution from red to colorless (similar to concentrated NaOH).

2. Acid neutralization reaction

HCl+LiOH=LiCl+H2O

3. React with acidic oxides

2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3+H2O (this reaction is used to absorb carbon dioxide in aerospace)

4. React with metal salt solution

FeCl3+3LiOH=Fe(OH)3↓+3LiCl

Application

Lithium hydroxide can be used as a developing agent and lubricating oil for spectroscopic analysis. The additive of the alkaline battery electrolyte can increase the electric capacity by 12% to 15% and increase the service life by 2 to 3 times.

It can be used as an absorbent for carbon dioxide to purify the air inside the submarine.

The chemical equation is: 2LiOH(s) + CO2(g) = Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l).

Used for making lithium salt and lithium grease, alkaline battery electrolyte, lithium bromide refrigerator absorption liquid, lithium soap (lithium soap), lithium salt, developer, etc., or as analytical reagents; petroleum, chemical, light industry, Used in nuclear industry, etc.

When used in alkaline storage batteries, the aluminum content is not more than 0.06%, and the lead content is not more than 0.01%. Used as an analytical reagent, photographic developer, also used in the manufacture of lithium; used as a raw material for the preparation of lithium compounds. Can also be used in metallurgy, petroleum, glass, ceramics and other industries.

How to make lithium hydroxide

Double decomposition

Lithium hydroxide is usually prepared by slurrying lithium carbonate with lime milk, heating it with water at 100 ° C, and filtering off calcium carbonate. This method is more common.

Li2CO3(s)+Ca(OH)2=2LiOH(s)+CaCO3↓

Redox method

Metal lithium and water are produced. The raw materials of this method are relatively expensive and relatively rare.

2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2↑

Lime sintering

1. The spodumene concentrate (generally containing 6% of lithium oxide), mixed with limestone, sintered at 1150 ~ 1250 ° C to form lithium aluminate and calcium silicate, crushed by wet grinding, leaching lithium hydroxide with washing liquid After sedimentation filtration, the leachate is concentrated by evaporation and crystallized to form a finished lithium hydroxide monohydrate. The chemical equation is:

Li2O·AI2O3·4SiO2+8CaO→Li2O·Al2O3+4[2CaO·SiO2]

Li2O·AI2O3+Ca(OH)2→2LiOH+CaO·AI2O3

2. Dissolve industrial lithium hydroxide in cold water under stirring, filter out insoluble matter, and evaporate the filtrate to heat to form crystals. After cooling, the mixture is dried to obtain a lithium hydroxide monohydrate reagent.

3. Using lithium hydroxide monohydrate as a raw material and drying in a desiccator containing phosphorus pentoxide for several days, anhydrous lithium hydroxide can be obtained. It can also be obtained by slowly heating lithium hydroxide monohydrate to dehydration at 140 ° C in a hydrogen stream.

White fine monoclinic crystal, spicy taste, strong alkaline, easy to absorb carbon dioxide and moisture in the air, soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Specific gravity 2.41, melting point 471℃.

Used for making lithium salt and lithium base grease, alkaline battery electrolyte, lithium bromide refrigerator absorption liquid

Lithium hydroxide is used as a heat transfer medium, as a storage-battery elKesectrolyte and also used for the production of lithium greases. It is also used in ceramics, in some portland cement formulations, in the absoption of carbondioxide from sealed enviornments such as submarines, spacecrafts and breathing apparatus. It is used in esterification reactions, as stabilizer in photographic developments and as a coolant in pressurized water reactors for corrosion control.

Uses
It is used in spaceships to absorb carbon dioxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make lithium carbonate. This prevents people from suffocating in a spaceship. Lithium hydroxide is used to make lithium greases. They are resistant to water and can be used in high or low temperatures. It is used to transfer heat. It can be used in electrolytes. It is also used to prevent corrosion in some nuclear reactors. It can be used to glaze ceramics and make cement.

The Lithium Hydroxide [LiOH] is utilized in the manufacture of lithium salts of stearic and additional fatty acids. These are then and there utilized such as thickeners in lubricating greases. A thickener takes possessions for example effectiveness at an extensive variety of temperatures and greater confrontation to water. Lithium grease is classically used up in manufacturing for example automotive and automobile. The lithium hydroxide market on the source of Area with respect to Trades in terms of intake, Profits, Market stake and Development percentage for the duration of the prediction could span North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa.

History of lithium hydroxide:
The name lithine is mentioned in 1827 in the dictionary of the academy. It most often refers to the caustic alkali LiOH, but sometimes still lithium (hemi) oxide. In the past, it more often referred to lithium carbonate.

Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, and is commercially available as anhydrous and as a monohydrate (LiOH.H2O), both of which are strong bases. It is the weakest base among the alkali metal hydroxides.

Lithium hydroxide is mainly consumed for the production of lithium fats. A popular lithium grease is lithium stearate, which is a general purpose lubricating grease due to its high water resistance and utility at high and low temperatures.