OVERBASED CALCIUM SULFONATE (OBCS)

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is a type of detergent additive commonly used in lubricants, especially in the formulation of engine oils, marine oils, and industrial lubricants. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s have long been a widely used thickener for grease applications, but vehicle electrification has led to a dramatic rise in lithium demand in recent years. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are particularly useful as intermediates or starting materials in synthesis—for example, in the preparation of phenols.

CAS Number: 68783-96-0
EINECS Number: 272-213-9

Synonyms: Sulfonic acids, petroleum, calcium salts, overbased, 68783-96-0, DTXSID7028809,EINECS 272-213-9, Petroleum sulfonate, calcium salt, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate dispersion.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s can greatly enhance the water solubility of compounds, as seen with the sulfonic acid derivative of triphenyl phosphine (TPPTS), P(C6H4-m-SO3Na)3. 
Metal complexes of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are used as homogeneous catalysts for the syntheses of organic compounds in two-phase systems (e.g., in a mixture of water and an organic solvent) in industry and in the laboratory.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s occur naturally—for example, the essential nutrient taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid; NH2CH2CH2SO3H), the sulfobacins and other sulfonolipids (the biologically active products from bacterial cultures that contain 15- to 17-carbon chains attached to the carbon and nitrogen of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), and the echinosulfonic acid C (an α-hydroxysulfonic acid containing two brominated indole rings). 

The aliphatic sulfonic acids methanesulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid; CF3SO3H) are also commercially important reagents and catalysts. 
Over the long term, grease manufacturers will face supply constraints as supply will be favoring battery manufacturers.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS), extreme pressure, multi-purpose, heavy duty OBCS grease containing unique polymers, anti-wear agents and tackifiers with inherent rust and oxidation resistance to provide the highest performance properties. 

The film-forming and friction properties of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) detergents in rolling–sliding, thin film, lubricated contact have been investigated. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS), one of the strongest known organic acids, is used as a polymerization catalyst and in fuel cells, in gasoline production, and in the synthesis of organic and organometallic compounds.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is a chemical compound—that means it contains at least two different elements combined together. 

The main elements in sulfonic acid are sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, but the actual formula is more complicated than that. 
Because they contain sulfur, sulfonic acids are also called organosulfur compounds.
In general, Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are very strong acids that come in crystal or liquid form. 

They typically don’t have any color and they don’t oxidize, which means that they don’t react with oxygen. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are soluble in water. 
These properties make Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s an incredibly useful family of compounds because scientists can control them with ease. 

They’re also much less dangerous to use than other acids.
A sustainable and mild one-step strategy is explored for the synthesis of aryl and Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s using a facile combination of halides and sulfur dioxide surrogates under air. 

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS), also known as sulphonic acids, are a type of organosulfur compound that can be represented by the general formula R−S(=O)2−OH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group in the organic domain, and the S(=O)2(OH) group is a sulfonyl hydroxide moiety. 
The sulfo group is another term used to refer to this substituent.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are strongly acidic organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O)2−OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group. 
Applications for sulfonic acids include use as components of dyes, detergents, surfactants, and antibacterial drugs.
The overbasing process involves the formation of micellar structures where calcium carbonate is dispersed in a stable colloidal form. 

These micelles are stabilized by the sulfonate molecules, ensuring uniform distribution within the lubricant.
The term “superalkalinity” refers to the high alkalinity reserve provided by these micelles, which is crucial for neutralizing acidic combustion by-products effectively.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) additives form protective films on metal surfaces, which not only prevent deposits but also provide a physical barrier against wear and corrosion.

In conditions where hydrodynamic lubrication is compromised, such as during startup or under heavy loads, the protective film aids in boundary lubrication, minimizing direct metal-to-metal contact.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) maintains its efficacy at high temperatures, making it suitable for use in high-performance engines and industrial applications where thermal stability is crucial.
In racing and high-performance automotive engines, OBCS helps maintain engine cleanliness and performance under extreme operating conditions.

Used in commercial trucks and heavy machinery, where high detergency and acid neutralization are vital due to the severe operating conditions and high sulfur content of diesel fuels.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in formulations designed for extended drain intervals, providing long-lasting protection and stability, which is essential for reducing maintenance costs and downtime.
In hydraulic systems, especially in construction and agricultural machinery, Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) helps maintain fluid cleanliness and protect against corrosion and wear.

In marine engines, especially those using high sulfur fuels, the high TBN provided by Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is essential for neutralizing sulfuric acid and preventing corrosive wear.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) additives are effective in performance, they are generally not biodegradable. 
The disposal and potential environmental impact of used lubricants containing OBCS need careful management.

The use of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) in engine oils can indirectly contribute to emission reduction by maintaining engine efficiency and reducing the formation of harmful deposits.
In regions with strict sulfur content regulations, the neutralizing ability of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is critical. 
However, evolving environmental regulations may drive the development of more environmentally friendly alternatives.

Research into incorporating nanoparticles with Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) could enhance its performance characteristics, such as improving thermal stability and wear protection.
There is ongoing research into developing biodegradable and more environmentally friendly detergent additives that can match or exceed the performance of traditional Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS).
Future lubricants may use multi-functional additives that combine the benefits of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) with other performance-enhancing properties, such as friction reduction and oxidation stability.

As emission standards become more stringent, the role of high-performance additives like Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) will become even more critical. 
However, this may also drive innovation towards cleaner alternatives.
Modern engines equipped with advanced emission control systems, such as Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), may require lubricants with lower ash content. 

This necessitates careful formulation to balance performance and compatibility.
The production and incorporation of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) additives can be more expensive than other additives, impacting the overall cost of lubricants. 
Balancing performance benefits with cost is a significant consideration for lubricant manufacturers.

The availability and cost of raw materials required for producing Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) can fluctuate, affecting the consistency and pricing of the final product.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is a hypothetical acid with formula H-S(=O)2-OH. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is a less stable tautomer of sulfurous acid HO-S(=O)-OH, so sulfonic acid converts rapidly when it is formed. 

Derived compounds which replace the sulfur-bonded hydrogen with organic groups are stable. 
These may then form salts or esters, called sulfonates.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are a class of organic acids with the general formula R-S(=O)2-OH, where R is usually a hydrocarbon side chain. 

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are typically much stronger acids than their carboxylic equivalents, and have the unique tendency to bind to proteins and carbohydrates tightly; most "washable" dyes are sulfonic acids (or have the functional sulfonyl group in them) for this reason. 
They are also used as catalysts and intermediates for a number of different products. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) are important as detergents, and the antibacterial sulfa drugs are also sulfonic acid derivatives. 

The simplest example is methanesulfonic acid, CH3SO2OH, which is a reagent regularly used in organic chemistry. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is also an important reagent.
The primary active ingredient, which acts as a detergent and dispersant.

Present in colloidal form, providing the overbasing characteristic. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) helps neutralize acidic by-products generated during the operation of engines or machinery.

These ensure the stability and dispersion of the calcium carbonate particles within the lubricant.
The "overbased" term refers to the high base number (BN) or total base number (TBN) of the additive, which is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) detergents contain an excess amount of alkaline material, typically calcium carbonate, which enhances their neutralizing capacity.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are sulfonated to produce sulfonic acids.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are neutralized with calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide to form calcium sulfonate.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is then overbased by reacting with additional calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, forming a colloidal suspension of calcium carbonate in the sulfonate matrix.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) helps keep engine parts clean by preventing the formation of deposits and sludge.
The high alkalinity of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) neutralizes acidic by-products from fuel combustion, protecting engine components from corrosion.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) disperses contaminants and soot particles, keeping them suspended in the oil and preventing them from settling on engine surfaces.

Provides a protective layer on metal surfaces, reducing wear and extending the lifespan of engine components.
Forms a barrier that protects metal surfaces from rust and corrosion.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in automotive, marine, and stationary engines to improve cleanliness and protect against wear and corrosion.

Utilized in gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and other industrial lubricants where high detergency and acid neutralization are required.
Essential in marine cylinder lubricants, which operate under severe conditions and require high neutralization capacity due to the high sulfur content in marine fuels.
Helps maintain engine cleanliness, improving performance and extending oil change intervals.

Provides anti-wear protection, reducing the rate of engine component wear.
High TBN ensures effective neutralization of acids, protecting engines from corrosive damage.
Effective in a wide range of temperatures and operating conditions.

While Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) provides many benefits, it must be balanced with other additives in the lubricant formulation to achieve optimal performance.
Compatibility with other additives and base oils must be carefully considered to avoid issues such as additive dropout or reduced performance.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) additives can be more expensive than some other detergent types, impacting the overall cost of the lubricant.

All of the commercial detergents studied form thick, solid-like, calcium carbonate films on the rubbed surfaces, of thickness 100–150nm. 
The films have a pad-like structure, interspersed by deep valleys in which practically no film is present. 

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) has been designed to lubricate under the most severe operating conditions in marine applications and because of its adhesive properties, it effectively stays in place.
In organic chemistry, Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O)2−OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O)2(OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide.
As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. 

A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid with one hydroxyl group replaced by an organic substituent. 
The parent compound (with the organic substituent replaced by hydrogen) is the parent sulfonic acid, HS(=O)2(OH), a tautomer of sulfurous acid, S(=O)(OH)2.[a] Salts or esters of sulfonic acids are called sulfonates.
Detergents and surfactants are molecules that combine highly nonpolar and highly polar groups. 

Traditionally, Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are the popular surfactants, being derived from fatty acids. 
Since the mid-20th century, the usage of sulfonic acids has surpassed soap in advanced societies. 
For example, an estimated 2 billion kilograms of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are produced annually for diverse purposes. 

Lignin sulfonates, produced by sulfonation of lignin are components of drilling fluids and additives in certain kinds of concrete.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS), any of a class of organic acids containing sulfur and having the general formula RSO3H, in which R is an organic combining group. 
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS)s are among the most important of the organosulfur compounds; the free acids are widely used as catalysts in organic syntheses, while the salts and other derivatives form the basis of the manufacture of detergents, water-soluble dyes and catalysts, sulfonamide pharmaceuticals, and ion-exchange resins. 

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is known for its excellent detergent and dispersant properties, as well as its ability to neutralize acids and provide anti-wear protection.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) additives in oils are considered potentially critical in driving WEC formations, this ‘driving’ effect being unclear.

Uses Of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS):
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) enhances the performance of lubricants used in hydroelectric power plants, protecting turbines and other equipment from harsh operating conditions.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) in hydraulic fluids for excavators provides robust protection against wear, corrosion, and oxidation, ensuring efficient and reliable operation.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in lubricants for drilling equipment, providing protection against extreme pressures and harsh environmental conditions.

Protects textile machinery from wear and corrosion, enhancing efficiency and longevity, and reducing maintenance costs.
Reduces friction between moving parts, improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption.
Maintains performance under a wide range of temperatures, from low startup temperatures to high operating temperatures.

Forms a protective layer on metal surfaces, reducing wear and extending the life of equipment components.
Provides superior protection against rust and corrosion, particularly in harsh and corrosive environments.
Prevents the formation of deposits, sludge, and varnish, maintaining cleanliness and efficient operation of engines and machinery.

High TBN ensures effective neutralization of acids, protecting engines and machinery from corrosive damage.
Indirectly contributes to reduced emissions by maintaining engine and machinery efficiency, leading to better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions.
Efforts are ongoing to develop biodegradable derivatives of calcium sulfonate to reduce environmental impact.

Development of environmentally friendly and biodegradable alternatives to traditional OBCS additives.
Research into sourcing raw materials from renewable resources to reduce environmental footprint.
Incorporating nanoparticles with OBCS to enhance properties such as thermal stability, wear protection, and friction reduction.

Creating multi-functional additives that offer comprehensive protection and performance benefits.
Developing specialized lubricants for EV powertrains that require unique properties compared to traditional internal combustion engines.
Exploring applications in aerospace lubricants where extreme operating conditions demand superior performance.

Meeting stringent emission standards and regulations by developing low-ash and low-sulfur formulations.
Ensuring that new formulations comply with health and safety regulations, particularly in food-grade and pharmaceutical applications.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) enhances engine cleanliness, reduces wear, and neutralizes acidic by-products, thereby extending oil change intervals and engine life.

Enhances the performance of synthetic motor oils, providing superior protection and extended drain intervals.
Provides robust protection against wear and corrosion in high-revving motorcycle engines.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in lubricants for off-road vehicles that operate in extreme conditions, ensuring engine cleanliness and reliability.

Essential for fleet maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance costs by enhancing oil life and engine protection.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) in metalworking fluids enhances lubrication, reducing friction and heat generation, thus extending tool life and improving surface finish.
Protects high-speed machining centers from wear and corrosion, ensuring precision and efficiency.

Provides superior oxidation stability and deposit control in steam and gas turbines, and in air and gas compressors, ensuring reliable performance.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in slow-speed crosshead engines where high TBN is crucial for neutralizing sulfuric acid formed from high sulfur content fuels.
Protects medium-speed engines in marine vessels from wear and corrosion, enhancing their operational life.

Formulated into greases for food processing equipment, providing lubrication and protection while meeting stringent safety standards for incidental food contact.
Protects beverage processing machinery from wear and corrosion, ensuring smooth operation and compliance with hygiene standards.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in wind turbine gear oils to protect gears and bearings from wear and corrosion, ensuring reliable and efficient power generation.

Provides superior protection and performance under extreme conditions, maintaining engine cleanliness and efficiency.
Helps withstand severe operating conditions, reducing engine deposits and wear, and prolonging the life of the engine.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) ensures efficient operation of heavy machinery by maintaining cleanliness and protecting against wear and corrosion.
Essential for neutralizing sulfuric acids in marine engines using high-sulfur fuels, preventing corrosive wear and maintaining engine performance.
Protects large marine engines from corrosion and wear, particularly in slow-speed crosshead engines.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in gear oils to protect against wear, reduce friction, and prevent deposit formation, ensuring smooth and efficient operation.
Maintains fluid cleanliness, protects against wear and corrosion, and ensures efficient hydraulic system performance.
Enhances the performance and longevity of hydraulic systems in manufacturing and processing equipment.

Provides excellent protection against wear, corrosion, and water washout, making it suitable for use in automotive and industrial applications.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) enhances lubrication, reduces tool wear, and prevents corrosion, improving the efficiency and lifespan of metalworking tools and machines.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in turbine oils to provide excellent oxidation stability, protect against corrosion, and ensure efficient operation of power generation equipment.

Enhances performance by maintaining cleanliness, reducing wear, and protecting against oxidation and corrosion in compressor systems.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used to improve the cleanliness, protection, and performance of automatic transmissions, ensuring smooth and reliable operation.
Helps prevent deposit formation and corrosion in fuel systems, ensuring efficient combustion and engine performance.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is utilized in oil spill dispersants to break down oil slicks and promote biodegradation, minimizing environmental impact.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in pulping chemicals to control deposits and scale formation, enhancing the efficiency of the pulping process.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used as a flotation agent in mineral processing to enhance the separation of valuable minerals from ores.

Some food-grade lubricants utilize derivatives of calcium sulfonates due to their non-toxic nature, providing protection against wear and corrosion in food processing equipment.
Formulated into engine cleaners and fuel system cleaners to dissolve and disperse deposits, improving engine performance and fuel efficiency.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) is used in formulations for high-mileage vehicles to reduce sludge and varnish build-up, improving engine longevity.

Safety Profile Of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS):
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) may result in gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 
Ingestion should be avoided, and medical attention sought if ingestion occurs accidentally.
Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) itself is not considered highly toxic, it may contain impurities or additives that could pose health risks if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. 

Methanol or other chemical residues from the manufacturing process could be harmful if present.
Direct contact with Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) can cause irritation to the skin and eyes. 
Symptoms may include redness, itching, and burning sensations. Prolonged or repeated exposure can lead to dermatitis or eye irritation.

Overbased Calcium Sulfonate (OBCS) dust or aerosols may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, or difficulty breathing. 
This risk is typically low under normal handling conditions but may increase in poorly ventilated areas or during activities that generate airborne particles.