PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS

Phosphorus flame retardants is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene, ethanol, and chloroform, and is soluble in carbon disulphide. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is a yellow waxy or colourless, transparent, volatile crystalline solid, waxy appearance with a garlic-like odour. 
Phosphorus flame retardants refer to a group of chemicals that contain phosphorus atoms and are used to impart flame retardant properties to various materials. 

CAS Number: 7723-14-0
Molecular Formula: P
Molecular Weight: 30.97
EINECS Number: 231-768-7

Synonyms: 12185-10-3, 27YLU75U4W, 7723-14-0, P, phosphorus, Red phosphorus, Violet phosphorus, White Phosphorus, Phosphorus 31, Phosphorus 6, Phosphorus 8, Phosphorus 6C, Phosphorus200ck, Phosphorus 30, Phosphorus 30C, Phosphorus 200C, Phosphorus7130, Phosphorous (NOS), Phosphorus Kit Refill, Phosphorus 30 Special Order, DTXCID204382, CHEBI:33464

Phosphorus flame retardants reacts rapidly with oxygen, easily catching fire at temperatures 10°C–15°C above room temperature. 
White phosphorus is used by the military in various types of ammunition and to produce smoke for concealing troop movements and identifying targets. 
Unlike traditional flame retardants that contain halogens (such as bromine or chlorine), phosphorus-based flame retardants offer several advantages due to their reduced toxicity and environmental impact.

On exposure to light, it darkens and ignites in air. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is also called yellow phosphorus colour because of impurities. 
White phosphorus does not occur naturally but is manufactured from phosphate rocks. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is also used by industry to produce phosphoric acid and other chemicals for use in fertilisers, food additives, and cleaning compounds. 
Small amounts of white Phosphorus flame retardants were used in the past in pesticides and fireworks.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used mainly for producing phosphoric acid and other chemicals. 

These chemicals are used to make fertilisers, additives in foods and drinks, cleaning compounds, and other products. 
In the military, Phosphorus flame retardants is used in ammunitions such as mortar and artillery shells, and grenades.
Yellow or Phosphorus flame retardants ignites spontaneously in air at 34 °C. 

Phosphorus flame retardants should be stored under water. 
Under this condition, however, Phosphorus flame retardants may form phosphoric acid. 
Stainless steel containers should be used to hold the corrosive material. 

Phosphorus flame retardants fires can be controlled by using water or sand or by excluding air.
These include compounds like Phosphorus flame retardants and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which are often used in plastics, resins, and coatings.
Examples include dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP). 

These are used in textiles, coatings, and foams.
Compounds such as aluminum Phosphorus flame retardants and zinc diethylphosphinate (ZnPi), which find applications in polymers and engineering plastics.
Phosphorus flame retardants and its derivatives: These are used in combination with other flame retardants to enhance performance.

Phosphorus flame retardants was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand. 
About two hundred years later James Readman developed a process for phosphorus recovery from phosphatic rocks using an electric furnace.
Phosphorus flame retardants is one of the most widely distributed elements on earth. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is found as phosphate salts in nearly all igneous rocks and in sedimentary deposits and sea beds. 
Phosphorus flame retardants occurs in more than three hundred minerals, usually associated with Ca, Mg, Fe, Sr, Al, Na, and several other metals, and with anions such as silicates, sulfates, oxides, hydroxides, and halides. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is an essential element present in all living matter and is vital in biological and ecological processes. 

Phosphorus flame retardants occurs in DNA and other nucleic acids, and in bones.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in pyrotechnics, smoke bombs, incendiary shells, and safety matches. 
It also is used in organic syntheses, manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosphine, and other compounds.

Elemental phosphorus in solid phase exists in three major allotropic forms: white or yellow phosphorus that may occur in alpha or beta modification, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus.
Phosphorus flame retardants is a white, soft, wax-like transparent mass which often acquires a yellow appearance due to impurities, especially traces of red phosphorus. 
It has a garlic-like odor. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is made up of cubic crystals, has a density 1.82 g/cm3, and melts at 44.1°C to a colorless or yellowish liquid. 
X-ray diffraction studies and 31P-NMR analysis indicate tetrahedral P4 molecules with an interatomic distance of 2.21Å , and the molecules are able to rotate freely in the crystals. 
When cooled below –76.9°C, the cubic alpha form converts to a hexagonal beta modification with a density 1.88 g/cm3. 

The beta form, unlike the alpha form, does not rotate freely in the crystal but has a fixed orientation of P4 molecules in the lattice.
Red phosphorus is obtained from Phosphorus flame retardants by heating at 230 to 240°C, allowing complete conversion to occur in about 48 hours. 
Conversion is catalyzed by sulfur, iodine, and selenium. 

The red allotrope also slowly deposits from liquid Phosphorus flame retardants or from a solution of white phosphorus, the rate and yield depending on catalysts, temperature, light, and other factors. 
Phosphorus flame retardants exhibits various modifications. 
Three important ones are an amorphous form at ordinary temperatures and two crystalline modifications which include a triclinic form and a hexagonal or a tetragonal form that may prevail at higher temperatures. 

There also are a few more modifications, all of which may coexist, accounting for variability in physical properties of red phosphorus. 
The triclinic variety of red phosphorus is the most stable of all allotropes of phosphorus at ordinary temperatures. 
Phosphorus flame retardants possesses a density of 2.0 to 2.31 g/cm3 and melts at 590°C.

Phosphorus flame retardants is the third major allotropic form of phosphorus. 
Phosphorus flame retardants occurs in two forms, one is an amorphous modification having a laminar structure similar to graphite and the other is an orthorhombic crystalline form. 
The density of black phosphorus may vary between 2.20 to 2.69 g/cm3. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is obtained from white phosphorus by heating the latter at 220°C under an extremely high pressure of about 10,000 atm.
When Phosphorus flame retardants of any form—white, red, or black—is melted, it forms the same liquid phosphorus. 
This liquid has a density of 1.74 g/cm3 and viscosity 1.69 centipoise at 50°C. 

Liquid phosphorus boils at 280.5°C. 
Upon cooling, liquid phosphorus solidifies to only white phosphorus. Liquid phosphorus and its vapors consist of tetrahedral P4 molecules. 
The vapors, on rapid condensation, convert to Phosphorus flame retardants.

While white and red phosphorus have high electrical resistivity, the black variety has a low resistivity of 0.71 ohm-cm at 0°C. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is soluble in a number of organic solvents. 
It is very highly soluble in carbon disulfide, about 400 g/100 g solvent at 0°C and moderately soluble in benzene (~3.59 g/100g at 25°C) and exhibits lower solubility in ether (~1.5g/100g at 25°C). 

Red and black phosphorus are insoluble in organic solvents. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is a flammable solid, igniting spontaneously in air at 35°C. 
Red and black phosphorus are nonflammable. 

Phosphorus flame retardants usually is obtained by heating some form of calcium phosphate with quartz and coke, usually in an electric furnace. 
The reactions may be written in two steps as follows: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 → 3CaSiO3 + P2O5, P2O5 + 5C → 2P + 5 CO
In commercial scale, white phosphorus is manufactured mostly from the mineral fluorapatite by heating with silica and coke in an electric-arc or blast furnace at a temperature of 1,200 to 1,500°C. 

An overall reaction may be represented in the following equation.
4Ca5F(PO4)3 + 18SiO2 + 30C → 18CaO • SiO2 • 2CaF2 + 30CO↑ + 3P4↑
(slag) Phosphorus flame retardants also can be produced by a wet process using phosphoric acid, a process that was practiced historically in commercial production. 

In this method the starting material, phosphoric acid, usually is prepared in large vats by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid: Ca5F(PO4)3 + 5H2SO4 + 10H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4 • 10H2O + HF
Phosphoric acid is filtered out of the mixture. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is then mixed with coke, charcoal or sawdust; dried; charred; and finally heated to white heat in a fireclay retort: H3PO4 + 16C → P4 + 6H2 + 16CO

The vapor is condensed to obtain white phosphorus.
As stated earlier, all other forms of phosphorus can be made from white phosphorus. 
Thus, heating white phosphorus first at 260°C for a few hours and then at 350°C gives red phosphorus. 

The conversion is exothermic and can become explosive in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. 
When a solution of white phosphorus in carbon disulfide or phosphorus tribromide is irradiated the scarlet red variety is obtained.
Phosphorus flame retardants allotrope is produced by heating white phosphorus at 220°C under 12,000 atm pressure. 

The conversion is initially slow, but can became fast and explosive after an induction period.
Phosphorus flame retardants is stored under water as it ignites in air. 
Phosphorus flame retardants may be cut into appropriate sizes only under water.

Elemental Phosphorus flame retardants is produced as a by-product or intermediate in the production of phosphate fertilizer. 
Environmental contamination with Phosphorus flame retardants results from its manufacture into phosphorus compounds and during the transport and use of these compounds. 
In the manufacturing process, Phosphorus flame retardants rock containing the mineral apatite (tricalcium phosphate) is heated, and elementary phosphorus is liberated as a vapor. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is used to manufacture explosives, incendiaries, smoke bombs, chemicals, rodenticides, phosphor bronze, and fertilizer. 
The use of phosphate fertilizers results in increased level of nutrients in fresh water and is a major source of environmental pollution problem.
Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). 

The last is of no industrial importance. Elemental yellow phosphorus extracted from bone was used to make “strike anywhere” matches. 
In 1845, the occupational disease “phossy jaw,” a jaw bone necrosis, was recognized in workers who manufactured such matches. 
A prohibitive tax imposed in 1912 on matches made from yellow phosphorus led to the use of less toxic materials, red phosphorus and phosphorus sesquisulfide. 

The United States appears to have lagged behind European countries in that signatories of the Berne Convention of 1906 agreed not to manufacture or import matches made with yellow phosphorus. 
Occasional injuries continued to result from using yellow phosphorus to manufacture fireworks until 1926, when an agreement was reached to discontinue using yellow phosphorus for this purpose.
The world production of elemental phosphorus exceeds 1,000,000 metric ton. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is manufactured either in electric or blast furnaces. 
Both depend on silica as a flux for the calcium present in the phosphate rock. 
Almost all of the phosphorus produced is converted into phosphoric acid or other phosphorus compounds.

Phosphorus flame retardants does not ignite spontaneously but may be ignited by friction, static electricity, heating, or oxidizing agents. 
Handling it in an aqueous solution helps prevent fires.
During combustion, phosphorus compounds promote the formation of a protective char layer on the material's surface. 

This char layer acts as a barrier, reducing the release of flammable gases and slowing down the spread of flames.
Phosphorus flame retardantss can also interfere with the combustion process in the gas phase, inhibiting the chain reactions that sustain the fire.
Phosphorus flame retardants-based flame retardants are generally less toxic compared to halogenated flame retardants, which may release harmful gases when burned.

They are considered more environmentally friendly due to lower persistence and reduced bioaccumulation potential.
They can provide effective flame retardancy without compromising the mechanical and thermal properties of materials to the same extent as some other flame retardant systems.
Phosphorus flame retardants are used in a wide range of materials and products, including:

Such as polyurethane foams, polyamides (nylons), polyesters, and epoxy resins used in electronics, construction materials, and automotive components.
Used in flame-retardant fabrics and upholstery materials for furniture and transportation.
To improve the fire resistance of surfaces in buildings, aircraft, and marine vessels.

Phosphorus flame retardants offer advantages in terms of toxicity and environmental impact, specific compounds may still have health and safety considerations. 
Regulatory bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) regulate their use to ensure safe handling and environmental protection.

Research continues to develop new Phosphorus flame retardants with improved efficiency, compatibility with materials, and sustainability.
Phosphorus flame retardants are a broad and expanding class of additive or reactive organic or inorganic compounds used to improve the fire safety of flammable materials such as plastics, textiles, wood, paper, and other flammable materials. 

Melting point: 280 °C (white)(lit.)
Boiling point: 280℃
Density: 2.34 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 0.02 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.03 mm Hg ( 21 °C)
Flash point: 30°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: insoluble
form: powder (red)
color: Red-brown
Specific Gravity: 2.34
Odor: Acrid fumes when exposed to air
PH: 3 at 37℃ and 500-10000mg/L
Resistivity: 10 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Merck: 13,7433
Exposure limits    ACGIH: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppm
OSHA: TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3)
NIOSH: IDLH 25 ppm; TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3); STEL 4 ppm(10 mg/m3)
Dielectric constant: 4.1（34℃）

Phosphorus flame retardants occursin various phosphate rocks,from which it is extracted by heatingwith carbon (coke) and silicon(IV)oxide in an electric furnace (1500°C).
Phosphorus flame retardants and carbon monoxideare also produced. 
Phosphorus flame retardants has a number of allotropic forms.

The α-white form consists of P4 tetrahedra(there is also a β-white formstable below –77°C). 
If α-Phosphorus flame retardants is dissolved in lead andheated at 500°C a violet form is obtained.Red phosphorus, which is acombination of violet and whitephosphorus, is obtained by heatingα-Phosphorus flame retardants at 250°C with airexcluded. 
There is also a black allotrope,which has a graphite-likestructure, made by heating whitephosphorus at 300°C with a mercurycatalyst. 

The element is highly reactive.
Phosphorus flame retardants forms metal phosphides andcovalently bonded phosphorus(III)and phosphorus(V) compounds. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is an essential element forliving organisms. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is an importantconstituent of tissues (especiallybones and teeth) and of cells, beingrequired for the formation of nucleic acids and energy-carrying molecules(e.g. ATP) and also involved in variousmetabolic reactions. 
The elementwas discovered by Hennig Brand(c. 1630–92) in 1669.
Phosphorus flame retardants is in group 15 with some other metalloids, it is usually classed as anonmetal since it resembles nitrogen somewhat, the element above it in group 15. 

Both areessential to the biochemical field as vital elements to support life. 
Phosphorus flame retardants has 10 knownallotropic forms. 
This is an unusually high number for any element. 

A system of categorizingthe allotropes by three colors has made it easier to keep track of them. 
These three colors arewhite, red, and black phosphorus.
Phosphorus flame retardants has a white waxy appearance that turns slightly yellow with age andimpurities. 

There are two allotropic forms of Phosphorus flame retardants. 
The alpha (α) form has acubic crystal structure, and the beta (β) form has a hexagonal crystalline structure. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is extremely reactive and will spontaneously burst into flame when exposed to airat a temperature of about 35°C. 

Phosphorus flame retardants must be kept under water. 
But this property of spontaneous combustion has made it useful for military applications.
Phosphorus flame retardants is the most useful version of the three allotropes, and it is used inprocesses to manufacture the other two versions of phosphorus. 

White phosphorus’s meltingpoint 44.15°C, its boiling point is 280.5°C, and its density is 1.82 c/cm3.
Exposing Phosphorus flame retardants to a process of heat produces red phosphorus. 
Phosphorus flame retardants has a density of 2.34 g/cm3.

Phosphorus flame retardants also starts with heating white phosphorus. 
The difference is that thewhite phosphorus is heated in the presence of a mercury catalyst and a small amount ofalready-formed black phosphorus.
Phosphorus flame retardants exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). 

Phosphorus flame retardants has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8°C. 
Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. 
Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. 

Phosphorus flame retardants, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tricalcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. 
Large deposits are found in the Russia, China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. 
Phosphorus flame retardants in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. 

Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. 
Phosphorus flame retardants takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. 
Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40- hour work week). 
Phosphorus flame retardants should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. 

When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. 
This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. 
Phosphorus flame retardants should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. 

The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417°C, and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. 
Phosphorus flame retardants may be made by several methods. 
By one process, tricalcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water.
When exposed to air emits a green light and gives off white fumes. 
Ignites at 30°C in moist air, higher temperatures are required for ignition in dry air. 

The reactivity of Phosphorus flame retardants with oxygen or air depends on the allotrope of phosphorus involved and the conditions of contact, white (yellow) phosphorus being by far more reactive. 
White phosphorus readily ignites in air if warmed, finely divided, or under conditions where the slow oxidative isotherm cannot be dissipated. 
Contact with finely divided charcoal or lampblack promotes ignition, probably by the absorbed oxygen. 

Contact with amalgamated aluminum also promotes ignition.
These include compounds such as triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). 
Phosphorus flame retardants are widely used in flexible polyurethane foams, textiles, and electronics due to their effectiveness and compatibility with various materials.

Examples include aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and zinc diethylphosphinate (ZnPi). 
Phosphorus flame retardants esters are used in thermoplastics, engineering polymers, and epoxy resins. 
They provide good thermal stability and are less likely to migrate from the material.

These include compounds like melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). 
They are effective in intumescent systems, where they promote the formation of a protective char layer upon exposure to heat.
Phosphorus flame retardants such as bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and bisphenol A bis(ethylphenyl phosphate) (BEP). 

Phosphorus flame retardants are used in thermoplastics and epoxy resins and provide good thermal stability and resistance to hydrolysis.
Phosphorus flame retardants promote the formation of a carbonaceous char layer during combustion. 
This char layer acts as a barrier, shielding the underlying material from heat and oxygen, thereby reducing the release of flammable gases and slowing down the spread of flames.

Some phosphorus compounds can inhibit combustion reactions in the gas phase. 
They interrupt the radical chain reactions that sustain the fire, effectively suppressing the flame propagation.
Phosphorus flame retardants can achieve high levels of flame retardancy with relatively low loading levels, minimizing their impact on material properties such as mechanical strength and flexibility.

They are compatible with a wide range of polymers and materials, including plastics, textiles, coatings, and adhesives.
Compared to halogenated flame retardants, phosphorus-based alternatives generally have lower toxicity and reduced environmental persistence. 
They are preferred in many applications where environmental and health concerns are critical.

Phosphorus flame retardants is used in construction materials such as insulation foams, cables, and coatings to enhance fire safety and meet building codes and regulations.
Applied in electronic devices and circuit boards to protect against fire hazards and ensure reliable operation.
Utilized in automotive interiors, aircraft components, and rail transportation to improve fire resistance and passenger safety.

Incorporated into flame-retardant fabrics and upholstery materials for residential, commercial, and industrial applications.
Phosphorus flame retardants are subject to regulatory oversight in various regions to ensure their safe use and environmental impact. 
Regulations focus on minimizing exposure risks and ensuring proper handling and disposal practices.

Research continues to explore novel phosphorus-based flame retardants with improved performance, compatibility, and sustainability profiles.
Advancements in intumescent systems incorporating Phosphorus flame retardantss are aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and expanding their applications in high-performance materials.
Studies are evaluating the overall environmental impact of Phosphorus flame retardants throughout their lifecycle, from production and use to disposal or recycling.

Many of the compounds of Phosphorus flame retardants are extremely dangerous, both as fire hazardsand as deadly poisons to the nervous system of humans and animals. 
Some of the poisonouscompounds (PClx) can be absorbed by the skin as well as inhaled or ingested. 
Flushing withwater is the only way to stop the burning of white phosphorus on the skin, but water doesnot affect the combustion of some phosphorus compounds. 

Although red phosphorus is notas dangerous or poisonous as white phosphorus, merely applying some frictional heating willinduce the red allotrope to change back to the explosive white allotrope (the striking of a safetymatch is an example).
Phosphorus flame retardants is an oxidizing agent that, when exposed to air, may burn spontaneously. 
Thus, direct contact may result in both thermal and chemical burns. 

Second- and third-degree burns can be seen at the point of contact. 
When absorbed, phosphorus acts as a cellular poison by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is not considered to be potentially toxic as it is insoluble, nonvolatile, and unabsorbable.

Phosphorus flame retardantsreacts with a number of substances to form explosive mixtures. 
For example, dangerous explosion hazards are produced upon reaction of phosphorus with many oxidizing agents, including chlorates, bromates, and many nitrates, with chlorine, bromine, peracids, organic peroxides, chromium trioxide, and potassium permanganate, with alkaline metal hydroxides (phosphine gas is liberated), and with sulfur, sulfuric acid, and many metals, including the alkali metals, copper, and iron.
Phosphorus flame retardants-containing flame retardants cover a wide range of inorganic and organic compounds and include both reactive products which are chemically bound into the polymer material as well as additive products which are integrated into the material by physical mixing only.

They have a broad range of applications, and a good fire safety performance. 
The most important Phosphorus flame retardants-containing flame retardants are phosphate esters, phosphonates and phosphinates.

Phosphorus flame retardants-containing flame retardants are widely used in standard and engineering plastics, polyurethane foams, thermosets, coatings, and textiles. 
Phosphorus flame retardants esters are mainly used as flame retardant plasticizers in polyvinylchloride (PVC, alkyl/aryl phosphates) and engineering plastics, particularly in polyphenylene oxide/high impact polystyrene (PPO/HIPS), polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) blends and polycarbonate (PC, e.g. triphenylphosphate, resocinol- and bisphenol A- bis-(diphenyl) phosphate).

Uses Of Phosphorus flame retardants:
The allotropes and compounds of Phosphorus flame retardants have many important uses and are an essential commercial commodity. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is essential to all living tissue, both plant andanimal. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is the main element in the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy source for living things.

Phosphorus flame retardants are formed either by heating white phosphorus or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is quite different from the explosive white phosphorus. 
For instance, when scratched on a surface, the heads of safety matches made of red phosphorus convert back to white phosphorus and ignite due to the heat of the slight friction of the match on a rough surface. Red phosphorus is also used in fireworks, smoke bombs, and pesticides and to make phosphoric acid, electroluminescent paints, and fertilizers.

Most elemental phosphorus is used to manufacture phosphoric acid, a solid that is used to produce triple-phosphate fertilizers. 
Some soils require large amounts of phosphorus to produce a viable crop.
Phosphorus flame retardants is the main phosphate found in detergents. 

Phosphorus flame retardants acts as a water softener and counteracts the elements that are responsible for “hard water” while at the same time making the detergent a more effective cleaner.
Phosphorus flame retardants is an important nutrient for plants. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is a non-metallic element having an atomic number 15. 

Most plants contain phosphorus in concentrations varying from 0.1 to 0.4%, which are considerably lower than for potassium and nitrogen in plants. 
Phosphorus flame retardants is an essential part of nucleoproteins in cell nuclei which control the cell division and the DNA molecules, the latter transmitting heredity to living organisms. 
Phosphorus flame retardants also plays an important role in (a) stimulating early root growth, (b) hastening plant maturity, (c) transforming energy within the cells, and (d) developing and ripening the fruit and the seed. 

Phosphorus flame retardants is rightly called the key to life, as it is directly involved in most life processes.
Relations between Phosphorus flame retardants and N, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn are well known. 
Ratios of 3: 1 of N to P and 200: 1 of P to Zn are considered critical for addressing nutrient deficiency in plants. 

The ratio of nitrogen to Phosphorus flame retardants (N:P) serves as a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norm for interpreting results of plant analysis.
Soils have low total phosphate content and hence such soils provide low supplies of available phosphate (400 to 2000 kg/ha) to plants because mineral phosphate forms are not readily soluble. 
Plants absorb phosphorus as H2PO4-; and HPO42- ions. On average, a soil solution contains about 0.05 ppm phosphorus which varies from soil to soil. 

This amount of Phosphorus flame retardants is adequate for plants, as its concentration varies from 0.003 to 0.3 ppm depending on the crop. 
For instance, maximum corn yields are obtained at 0.01 ppm of the solution phosphorus, while the incorporation of solution phosphorus in the case of wheat is only marginally more.
Phosphorus flame retardants occurs in both organic and inorganic forms. 

Plants differ in their ability to compete for soil phosphorus at the growth stage when they need it most. 
Phosphorus flame retardants and accumulate 75 % of their requirement when the crop produces 25 % of its dry weight. 
Winter wheat absorbs about 70% of phosphorus between tillering and flowering. 

For corn, the peak phosphorus demand is during the initial three weeks of the growing season.
Phosphorus flame retardants are incorporated into insulation foams (e.g., polyurethane foams) used in construction to improve fire resistance and meet building code requirements.
Applied to coatings and sealants for walls, floors, and structural elements to enhance fire protection and reduce the spread of flames in case of fire.

Phosphorus flame retardants is used in cables and wiring insulation to prevent fires caused by electrical faults and overheating, ensuring safety in buildings and infrastructure.
Phosphorus flame retardants are used in circuit boards and electronic components to mitigate fire risks and maintain the reliability and functionality of electronic devices.
Incorporated into plastics and enclosures for electronic devices and appliances to meet safety standards and regulations concerning fire hazards.

Phosphorus flame retardants are employed in automotive interiors, such as seats, dashboards, and insulation materials, to enhance fire safety and comply with automotive safety standards.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in aircraft components and interiors to meet stringent fire safety regulations and ensure passenger safety during flights.
Applied in rail transportation for materials used in trains and infrastructure to reduce the risk of fires and enhance passenger safety.

Phosphorus flame retardants are applied to textiles and upholstery materials used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings to reduce flammability and improve fire resistance.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in curtains, drapes, and furnishings to enhance fire safety in homes, hotels, theaters, and public buildings.
Phosphorus flame retardants are incorporated into coatings and paints for industrial applications to protect surfaces and structures from fire hazards and improve safety in manufacturing facilities.

Applied in adhesives and sealants used in various industrial processes and applications to prevent fires and ensure workplace safety.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in the manufacturing of furniture to reduce the flammability of materials such as upholstery foam, ensuring safety in homes and public spaces.
Applied in mattresses and bedding materials to meet fire safety standards and regulations, protecting consumers from fire hazards in residential and hospitality environments.

Phosphorus flame retardants are preferred in many applications due to their lower toxicity and reduced environmental impact compared to traditional halogenated flame retardants. 
They contribute to safer and more sustainable fire safety solutions across diverse industries.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used to make safety matches, incendiary shells, andsmokebombs; inpyrotechnics; and in the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, phosphoric acid, and phosphorus halides.

Phosphorus flame retardants is an essential constituent of plants and animals, being present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), bones, teeth and other components of high biological importance. 
Phosphorus flame retardants does not occur in its elemental state in nature, as it readily oxidises and therefore is deposited as phosphate rock. 
The remaining elements of group 15 are mostly obtained from minerals, but can also be found in their elemental form in the earth’s crust.

Phosphorus flame retardants are utilized in materials and coatings for ships and offshore platforms to enhance fire safety and meet maritime regulations.
Applied in bulkheads, insulation materials, and structural components to reduce the risk of fires and improve safety at sea.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in medical devices, equipment housings, and hospital furniture to ensure fire safety in healthcare facilities and protect patients and staff.

Applied in flame-retardant textiles used in hospital bedding, curtains, and furnishings to meet stringent fire safety standards and regulations.
Phosphorus flame retardants are employed in military vehicles, equipment, and shelters to enhance fire resistance and protect personnel and sensitive equipment in combat and training environments.
Used in flame-retardant materials and coatings for protective gear and ballistic vests to mitigate fire hazards and ensure safety in military operations.

Incorporated into flame-retardant packaging materials to reduce fire risks during storage, transportation, and handling of goods, ensuring safety in logistics and supply chain operations.
Applied in toys, childcare products, and children's furniture to comply with safety regulations and protect young users from fire hazards.
Phosphorus flame retardants are used in the insulation materials of electrical transformers and power distribution equipment to prevent fires and ensure uninterrupted power supply.

Applied in flame-retardant coatings and insulation for power cables and wiring to meet electrical safety standards and reduce fire risks in energy transmission and distribution.
Phosphorus flame retardants is used in flame-retardant materials for sports equipment, outdoor gear, and recreational vehicles to enhance safety during activities and adventures.
Applied in textiles, furnishings, and structures in entertainment venues such as theaters, stadiums, and theme parks to protect against fire hazards and ensure audience safety.

Research is exploring the integration of phosphorus flame retardants into smart materials and composites that respond dynamically to fire conditions, enhancing fire safety in advanced technology applications.
Efforts are underway to develop sustainable phosphorus flame retardants that align with principles of the circular economy, including recyclability and reduced environmental impact.
Advancements in nanotechnology are enabling the development of nanostructured phosphorus flame retardants with enhanced efficiency and performance in various materials and applications.

Safety Profile Of Phosphorus flame retardants:
Human poison by ingestion. 
Experimental poison by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. 
Experimental reproductive effects. 

Human systemic effects by ingestion: cardiomyopathy, cyanosis, nausea or vomiting, sweating. 
Toxic quantities have an acute effect on the liver and can cause severe eye damage. 
Inhalation can cause photophobia with myosis, dilation of the pupils, retinal hemorrhage, congestion of the blood vessels, and, rarely, an optic neuritis. 

Chronic exposure by inhalation or ingestion can cause anemia, gastrointestinal effects, and brittleness of the long bones, leading to spontaneous fractures. 
The most common symptom, however, of chronic Phosphorus flame retardants poisoning is necrosis of the jaw (phossyjaw). 

More reactive than Phosphorus flame retardants. 
Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidtzers. 
If combustion occurs in a confined space, it will remove the oxygen and cause asphyxiation.

Health Hazard Of Phosphorus flame retardants:
Phosphorus flame retardants is a highly toxic substance by all routes of exposure. 
Contact of the solid with the skin produces deep painful burns, and eye contact can cause severe damage. 
Ingestion of phosphorus leads (after a delay of a few hours) to symptoms including nausea, vomiting, belching, and severe abdominal pain. 

Apparent recovery may be followed by a recurrence of symptoms. 
Death may occur after ingestion of 50 to 100 mg due to circulatory, liver, and kidney effects. 
Phosphorus flame retardants ignites and burns spontaneously when exposed to air, and the resulting vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

Phosphorus flame retardants is much less toxic than the white allotrope; however, samples of red phosphorus may contain the white form as an impurity. 
Early signs of chronic systemic poisoning by Phosphorus flame retardants are reported to include anemia, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal distress, chronic cough, a garlic-like odor to the breath, and pallor. 

A common response to severe chronic poisoning is damage of the jaw (''phossy jaw") and other bones. 
Phosphorus flame retardants has not been reported to show carcinogenic effects in humans.

Health Hazard Of Phosphorus flame retardants:
Phosphorus flame retardants is a highly poisonous substance. 
The toxic routes are ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation.
The toxic symptoms are nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, coma, and convulsions. 

The other harmful effects from ingestion are liver damage and jaundice. 
An amount as small as 5–10 mg of white phosphorus can exhibit some of the foregoing toxic effects in humans from an oral intake. 
The lethal doses and symptoms for other species varied with the species. 

The toxic symptoms were somnolence, convulsion, and lung injury. 
The lethal doses ranges from 3 mg/kg for rats to 50 mg/kg for dogs.
Inhalation of its vapors can cause irritation of respiratory tract. 

The chronic poisoning from inhalation (or ingestion) severely affected the lungs, kidney, and liver in test animals.
The toxic symptoms were bronchopneumonia, bone changes, necrosis of the jaw (“phossy” jaw), anemia, and weight loss. 
Since the vapor pressure of white phosphorus is low, the acute health hazard from a short exposure to its vapors under normal conditions of its handling and uses should be low.