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Titanium dioxide is capable of manufacturing high-quality paint products while reducing environmental emissions and energy consumption and therefore has become the preferred technique in the world.
Titanium dioxide (or TiO2) is the most widely used white pigment in the field of industry, being used in architecture, industry and automotive coatings; furniture, electrical appliances, plastic tape and plastic box-purpose plastic; high-grade magazines, publicity pictures and paper for attached film as well as specialty product such as ink, rubber, leather and elastomers.
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania /taɪˈteɪniə/, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula TiO2.
CAS Number: 1317-80-2
Molecular Formula: O2Ti
Molecular Weight: 79.87
EINECS Number: 215-282-2
Synonyms: TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 13463-67-7, Rutile, dioxotitanium, Titanium(IV) oxide, Titania, 1317-70-0, 1317-80-2, Anatase, Anatase (TiO2), Rutile (TiO2), Titanium White, Titafrance, Hombitan, Tiofine, Tioxide, Tipaque, Titanox, Rayox, Bayertitan A, Titanic anhydride, Tioxide RHD, Tioxide RSM, Zopaque LDC, Rutiox CR, Titanox RANC, A-Fil Cream, Calcotone White T, Tioxide A-DM, Tioxide AD-M, Levanox White RKB, Flamenco, Titandioxid, A-Fil, Kronos, Tronox, Unitane, Zopaque, Runa rh20, Unitane or-150, Unitane or-340, Unitane or-342, Unitane or-350, Unitane or-540, Unitane or-640, Bayertitan T, Kronos RN 40P, Kronos RN 56, Tiona td, Horse head a-420, Unitane OR 450, Unitane OR 650, Tin dioxide dust, Titanium peroxide, Titanox 2010, Uniwhite AO, Uniwhite KO, Kronos CL 220, Kronos titanium dioxide, Unitane OR, Kronos 2073, Ti-Pure, Bayertitan AN 3, Tioxide R-CR, Tioxide R-SM, Tioxide R.XL, 1700 White, Runa ARH 200, Bayertitan R-U-F, Titanium peroxide (TiO2), Aerosil P 25, Aerosil P 27, Austiox R-CR 3, Bayertitan, Baytitan, Cab-O-Ti, Titandioxid (sweden), Aerolyst 7710, Hombitan R 101D, Hombitan R 610K, Unitane o-110, Unitane o-220, Uniwhite OR 450, Uniwhite OR 650, Horse head a-410, Horse head r-710, Aerosil P 25S6, Aerosil T 805, Atlas white titanium dioxide, Tipaque R 820, Blend White 9202, 63B1 White, Amperit 780.0, Unitane 0-110, Unitane 0-220, Cosmetic White C47-5175, Runa ARH 20, Titanium oxide (TiO2), P 25 (oxide), RO 2, CG-T, Ti-Pure R 900, Ti-Pure R 901, Bistrater L-NSC 200C, Tiona t.d., Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, C-Weiss 7, Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, CCRIS 590, Cosmetic White C47-9623, TiO2, KH 360, A-FN 3, HSDB 869, NCI-C0424O, AUF 0015S, AMT 600, JR 600A, Cosmetic Hydrophobic TiO2 9428, 234DA, 500HD, NCI-C04240, Cosmetic Micro Blend TiO2 9228, dioxyde de titane, UNII-15FIX9V2JP, C.I. 77891, dioxido de titanio, E 171, EINECS 215-282-2, EINECS 236-675-5, CL 310, NSC 15204, Orgasol 1002D White 10 Extra Cos, Brookite, CCRIS 9325, CI 77891, oxido de titanio(IV), 1385RN 59, AI3-01334, BR 29-7-2, R 680, Titanium dioxide (USP), Titanium dioxide [USP], 15FIX9V2JP, CHEBI:32234, EC 215-282-2, EC 236-675-5, NSC15204, MFCD00011269, NSC-15204, Octahedrite, Tichlor, Titanium dioxide; TiO2, Titanic oxide, Titan White, Anatase titanium dioxide, Trioxide(s), (TiO2), [TiO2], Austiox R-CR, Tioxide A-HR, Tioxide R XL, Bayertitan R-U 2, Bayertitan R-FK-D, Bayertitan R-FD 1, Bayertitan R-KB 2, Bayertitan R-KB 3, Bayertitan R-KB 4, Bayertitan R-KB 5, Bayertitan R-KB 6, Tinoc M 6, Octahedrite (mineral), Titandioxid [Swedish], austiox, Bayer R-FD 1, bayeritian, Bayertitan R-FK 21, Titanium oxide (VAN), Kronos 1002, R 830 (mineral), C-Weiss 7 [German], MC 50 (oxide), C 97 (oxide), NT 100 (oxide), Bayertitan R-V-SE 20, S 150 (oxide), Titanium(IV) oxide, catalyst support, 15 wt% Titanium Oxide in Water Nano, unitane or 572, AMT 100, Rutile titanium dioxide, EINECS 215-280-1, TITANIUM DIOXIDE ENAMEL GRADE, Finntitan, CCRIS 9317, Photo Plasma, Dermablend Cover, Titanium-Dioxide, LBelEffet Parfit, Titantium Dioxide, BB Cream Medium, (rutile), Silky Eye Primer, bis(oxido)titanium, BB Cream, KH360, component of A-Fil, Covergirl Aquasmooth, UNID Physical Sun, White Holic 50mL, Complexion Protection, G.M. 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Titanium dioxide is naturally presented in titanium ore and rutile titanium.
Titanium dioxides molecular structure makes it contain high luminance and covering property.
But it must be subject to first extraction and purification.
Titanium dioxide is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black.
When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.
As a pigment, it has a wide range of applications, including paint, sunscreen, and food coloring.
When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171.
World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes.
Titanium dioxide has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $13.2 billion.
Titanium dioxide is a naturally occurring oxide of titanium, widely used as a white pigment in various applications, including paints, coatings, plastics, paper, cosmetics, and food products.
Titanium dioxide is known for its high refractive index, which gives it exceptional brightness and opacity, making it one of the most effective light-scattering materials available.
In the cosmetics and skincare industry, titanium dioxide is commonly used as a key ingredient in sunscreens due to its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Titanium dioxide acts as a physical sunscreen by sitting on the skin's surface and reflecting or scattering both UVA and UVB rays, helping to prevent sunburn, premature aging, and skin damage caused by prolonged sun exposure.
Rutile is one of the major minerals containing titanium.
Titanium dioxide is tetragonal and often has intact tetra-columnar or needle crystalline-like structure.
Its aggregate exhibits granular or compacting blocky shape.
Titanium dioxide appears as dark, red, maroon, yellow or orange color with iron-rich product appearing as black color; it streaks appears as yellow to light brown color.
Titanium dioxide has adamantine gloss.
Iron rutile exhibits semi-metallic gloss.
Titanium dioxide is brittle with the hardness being 6 to 6.5 and the density being 4.2~4.3 g/cm3.
Products being rich in iron, niobium and tantalum have the density being increased with the high value being up to 5.5 g/cm3 or more.
It can be dissolved in hot phosphoric acid.
After cooling and dilution, adding sodium peroxide can turn the solution to brown color (titanium reaction).
Rutile can be produced in gneiss, pegmatite, eclogite (flash) rock and placer.
In all three of its main dioxides, titanium exhibits octahedral geometry, being bonded to six oxide anions.
The oxides in turn are bonded to three Ti centers.
The overall crystal structures of rutile and anatase are tetragonal in symmetry whereas brookite is orthorhombic.
The oxygen substructures are all slight distortions of close packing: in rutile, the oxide anions are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packing, whereas they are close to cubic close-packing in anatase and to "double hexagonal close-packing" for brookite.
The rutile structure is widespread for other metal dioxides and difluorides, e.g. RuO2 and ZnF2.
Molten titanium dioxide has a local structure in which each Ti is coordinated to, on average, about 5 oxygen atoms.
This is distinct from the crystalline forms in which Ti coordinates to 6 oxygen atoms.
Titanium dioxide exists in different crystalline forms, with anatase and rutile being the most common.
Rutile is preferred in many applications because it has a higher refractive index and greater stability under UV exposure.
Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide are also used in some products to create transparent formulations while maintaining effective UV protection.
Although titanium dioxide is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and food, concerns have been raised about its potential health effects when inhaled in its powdered form, as airborne nanoparticles may pose respiratory risks.
Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have established guidelines to ensure its safe use in consumer products.
Synthetic TiO2 is mainly produced from the mineral ilmenite.
Rutile, and anatase, naturally occurring TiO2, occur widely also, e.g. rutile as a 'heavy mineral' in beach sand. Leucoxene, fine-grained anatase formed by natural alteration of ilmenite, is yet another ore.
Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from oriented inclusions of rutile needles.
Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the minerals rutile and anatase.
Additionally two high-pressure forms are known minerals: a monoclinic baddeleyite-like form known as akaogiite, and the other has a slight monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic α-PbO2 structure and is known as riesite.
Both of which can be found at the Ries crater in Bavaria.
Titanium dioxide is mainly sourced from ilmenite, which is the most widespread titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world.
Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore.
The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in the range 600–800 °C (1,110–1,470 °F).
Titanium dioxide has twelve known polymorphs – in addition to rutile, anatase, brookite, akaogiite and riesite, three metastable phases can be produced synthetically (monoclinic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic ramsdellite-like), and four high-pressure forms (α-PbO2-like, cotunnite-like, orthorhombic OI, and cubic phases) also exist.
Pure titanium dioxide is a fine, white powder that provides a bright, white pigment.
Titanium dioxide has been used for a century in a range of industrial and consumer products, including paints, coatings, adhesives, paper, plastics and rubber, printing inks, coated fabrics and textiles, as well as ceramics, floor coverings, roofing materials, cosmetics, toothpaste, soap, water treatment agents, pharmaceuticals, food colorants, automotive products, sunscreen and catalysts.
Titanium dioxide is produced in two main forms.
The primary form, comprising over 98 percent of total production, is pigment grade titanium dioxide.
The pigmentary form makes use of titanium dioxide’s excellent light-scattering properties in applications that require white opacity and brightness.
The other form in which titanium dioxide is produced is as an ultrafine (nanomaterial) product.
This form is selected when different properties, such as transparency and maximum ultraviolet light absorption, are required, such as in cosmetic sunscreens.
With the chemical formula TiO2, titanium dioxide, also referred to as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is an inorganic substance.
Titanium dioxide is also known as titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891 when used as a pigment.
Although mineral forms can appear black, it is a solid that is insoluble in water and is white in colour.
Titanium dioxide functions as a physical sunscreen that reflects ultraviolet radiation from the sun as opposed to chemical sunscreens that absorb it.
Titanium dioxide has a molecular weight of 79.866.
Titanium Dioxide is one of the two members of the elite sunscreen group called physical sunscreens.
Traditionally, UV-filters are categorized as either chemical or physical.
The big difference is supposed to be that chemical agents absorb UV-light while physical agents reflect it like a bunch of mini umbrellas on top of the skin.
While this categorization is easy and logical it turns out it's not true.
A recent, 2016 study shows that inorganic sunscreens work mostly by absorption, just like chemical filters, and only a little bit by reflection (they do reflect the light in the visible spectrum, but mostly absorb in the UV spectrum).
Titanium dioxide is a food additive that can be found in over 3,000 different products in EWG’s Food Scores database.
Most commonly used in candy, it can also be found in salad dressings, chewing gum, ice cream, frozen pizzas, drink and jello mixes and many other food categories.
Titanium dioxide creates a smooth finish and adds shine and brightness to other colors.
This food chemical has been used in food for more than half a century, but recent studies show it may be harmful.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a chemical that is currently approved for use in the US as a color additive in foods and some other FDA-regulated products.
The additive can be found on grocery store shelves in a wide range of food products.
Titanium dioxide does not have a nutritional or preservative function, but instead is used solely for superficial purposes, adding a white color and brightness to foods and beverages.
Melting point: 1843 °C
Boiling point: 2900 °C
Density: 4.17 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Bulk density: 0.06-0.10 g/mL
Flash point: 2500-3000 °C
Storage temp.: Amber vial, Refrigerator
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly, Sonicated), Hexanes (Slightly, Heated, Sonicated), Methane
Form: Powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 4.2
pH: <1
Water Solubility: Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, in hydrofluoric acid and alkali. Insoluble in water.
Semiconductor properties: <110>
Crystal Structure: Rutile type
Crystal system: Square
Merck: 14,9472
Space group: P42/mnm
titanium dioxide, (TiO2), a white, opaque, naturally occurring mineral existing in a number of crystalline forms, the most important of which are rutile and anatase.
These naturally occurring oxide forms can be mined and serve as a source for commercial titanium.
Titanium dioxide is odourless and absorbent.
Titanium dioxides most important function in powder form is as a widely used pigment for lending whiteness and opacity.
Ilmenite is a mineral that is primarily used to make synthetic TiO2.
As naturally occurring TiO2, rutile and anatase are also widely distributed. For example, rutile is a "heavy mineral" in beach sand.
Another ore is leucoxene, a fine-grained anatase created by ilmenite's natural alteration.
Titanium dioxide can also be obtained through two other processes: The ore is treated with chlorine and carbon in the chloride process, resulting in titanium tetrachloride, a volatile liquid that is further purified through distillation.
In order to regenerate chlorine and create titanium dioxide, TiCl4 is treated with oxygen.
Ilmenite is subjected to sulfuric acid treatment in the sulphate process in order to extract iron(II) sulphate pentahydrate.
The resulting synthetic rutile is then subjected to additional processing in accordance with the requirements of the end user, such as pigment grade or not.
Titanium dioxide is mostly from strip mining.
The selection of ore for the primary deposit of Titanium can be divided into three stages including pre-selection (usual through magnetic separation and gravity separation), iron selection (using magnetic separation) and Titanium selection (gravity separation, magnetic separation, electrostatic separation and flotation); The ore selection of Ti-Zr sand mineral (mainly include beach placer, followed by inland placer) mineral processing can be divided into two steps including roughing selection and featured.
In 1995, the mining department in Zhengzhou Institute of comprehensive utilization had applied magnetic separation-gravity selection-acid leaching process for ore selection on the large-scale rutile ore in Xixia of Henan Province and had already passed the trial production with various kinds of indicators reaching the domestic leading level.
The largest Titanium dioxide pigment processors are Chemours, Venator, Kronos [de], and Tronox.
Major paint and coating company end users for pigment grade titanium dioxide include Akzo Nobel, PPG Industries, Sherwin Williams, BASF, Kansai Paints and Valspar.
Global Titanium dioxide pigment demand for 2010 was 5.3 Mt with annual growth expected to be about 3–4%.
The production method depends on the feedstock.
In addition to ores, other feedstocks include upgraded slag.
Both the chloride process and the sulfate process (both described below) produce titanium dioxide pigment in the rutile crystal form, but the sulfate process can be adjusted to produce the anatase form.
Anatase, being softer, is used in fiber and paper applications.
The sulfate process is run as a batch process; the chloride process is run as a continuous process.
In chloride process, the ore is treated with chlorine and carbon to give titanium tetrachloride, a volatile liquid that is further purified by distillation.
The TiCl4 is treated with oxygen to regenerate chlorine and produce the titanium dioxide.
In the sulfate process, ilmenite is treated with sulfuric acid to extract iron(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
This process requires concentrated ilmenite (45–60% TiO2) or pretreated feedstocks as a suitable source of titanium.
The resulting synthetic rutile is further processed according to the specifications of the end user, i.e. pigment grade or otherwise.
Examples of plants using the sulfate process are the Sorel-Tracy plant of QIT-Fer et Titane and the Eramet Titanium & Iron smelter in Tyssedal Norway.
Although nanosized anatase TiO2 does not absorb visible light, it does strongly absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation (hv), leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals.
This occurs when photo-induced valence bond holes (h+vb) are trapped at the surface of TiO2 leading to the formation of trapped holes (h+tr) that cannot oxidize water.
Between 2002 and 2022, there were 459 patent families that describe the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite.
The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as using smelting and magnetic separation to increase titanium concentration in low-grade ores, leading to titanium concentrates or slags.
Other patents describe processes to obtain titanium dioxide, either by a direct hydrometallurgical process or through the main industrial production processes, the sulfate process and the chloride process.
The sulfate process represents 40% of the world’s titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23% of patent families.
The chloride process is only mentioned in 8% of patent families, although it provides 60% of the worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide.
Key contributors to patents on the production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production.
Chinese companies Pangang and Lomon Billions Groups hold major patent portfolios.
Nanosized titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form, exhibits photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
This photoactivity is reportedly most pronounced at the {001} planes of anatase, although the {101} planes are thermodynamically more stable and thus more prominent in most synthesised and natural anatase, as evident by the often observed tetragonal dipyramidal growth habit.
Interfaces between rutile and anatase are further considered to improve photocatalytic activity by facilitating charge carrier separation and as a result, biphasic titanium dioxide is often considered to possess enhanced functionality as a photocatalyst.
Titanium dioxide has been reported that titanium dioxide, when doped with nitrogen ions or doped with metal oxide like tungsten trioxide, exhibits excitation also under visible light.
The strong oxidative potential of the positive holes oxidizes water to create hydroxyl radicals.
Titanium dioxide can also oxidize oxygen or organic materials directly. Hence, in addition to its use as a pigment, titanium dioxide can be added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing, and anti-fouling properties, and is used as a hydrolysis catalyst.
Titanium dioxide is also used in dye-sensitized solar cells, which are a type of chemical solar cell (also known as a Graetzel cell).
The photocatalytic properties of nanosized titanium dioxide were discovered by Akira Fujishima in 1967 and published in 1972.
The process on the surface of the titanium dioxide was called the Honda-Fujishima effect [ja].
In thin film and nanoparticle form, titanium dioxide has the potential for use in energy production: As a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen.
With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel.
The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon.
Further efficiency and durability has been obtained by introducing disorder to the lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption.
Visible-light-active nanosized anatase and rutile has been developed for photocatalytic applications.
In 1995 Fujishima and his group discovered the superhydrophilicity phenomenon for titanium dioxide coated glass exposed to sun light.
This resulted in the development of self-cleaning glass and anti-fogging coatings.
Nanosized Titanium dioxide incorporated into outdoor building materials, such as paving stones in noxer blocks or paints, could reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides.
A Titanium dioxide-containing cement has been produced.
Using Titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst, attempts have been made to mineralize pollutants (to convert into CO2 and H2O) in waste water.
The photocatalytic destruction of organic matter could also be exploited in coatings with antimicrobial applications.
Titanium dioxide is mostly introduced into the environment as nanoparticles via wastewater treatment plants.Cosmetic pigments including titanium dioxide enter the wastewater when the product is washed off into sinks after cosmetic use.
Once in the sewage treatment plants, pigments separate into sewage sludge which can then be released into the soil when injected into the soil or distributed on its surface.
99% of these nanoparticles wind up on land rather than in aquatic environments due to their retention in sewage sludge.
In the environment, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have low to negligible solubility and have been shown to be stable once particle aggregates are formed in soil and water surroundings.
In the process of dissolution, water-soluble ions typically dissociate from the nanoparticle into solution when thermodynamically unstable.
Titanium dioxide dissolution increases when there are higher levels of dissolved organic matter and clay in the soil.
However, aggregation is promoted by pH at the isoelectric point of TiO2 (pH= 5.8) which renders it neutral and solution ion concentrations above 4.5 mM.
Uses:
It can be used for the production of titanium dioxide, titanium sponge, titanium alloys, synthetic rutile, titanium tetrachloride, titanyl sulfate, potassium hexafluorotitanate and aluminum chloride or titanium chloride.
Titanium dioxide can be used for making high-grade white paint, white rubber, synthetic fibers, paint, welding electrodes and the light reducing agent of rayon as well as the filler of plastics and advanced paper.
It can also be applied to telecommunications equipment, metallurgy, printing, dyeing, enamel and other departments.
Rutile is also the main mineral raw materials for extraction of titanium.
Titanium and its alloys have many excellent properties including high strength, low density, excellent anti-corrosion properties, high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance and non-toxicity; it also has special features such as absorbing gases and superconductivity, and therefore is widely used in various kinds of fields including aviation, chemicals, light industry, navigation, medical, defense and marine resources development and so on.
According to reports, more than 90% of the titanium mineral in the world has been used the production of titanium dioxide white pigment, and this product has more and more wide application in the paint, rubber, plastics, paper and some other industries.
Titanium dioxide can be used for welding, refining of titanium and manufacturing of titanium dioxide.
Titanium dioxide can be used as reagents analysis as well as being used for the preparation of highly pure titanium salts and being applied to pharmaceutical industry.
It can be used as the carrier of catalyst, photo-catalytic media and the protection media against UV radiation.
Titanium dioxide also has wide application in various kinds of filed such as the coatings, plastics, self-cleaning automotive glass, automotive mirrors, act wall glass, screen glass bulb, air purification materials, medicine, cosmetics, water treatment, tanning and ink and so on.
Titanium dioxide is an inorganic compound used in a range of body care products such as sunscreens and makeup.
Titanium dioxide appears to have low skin penetration but inhalation is a concern.
An inert earth mineral called titanium dioxide is used in cosmetics as a thickening, opacifying, and sunscreen ingredient.
In terms of skin sensitivity, it is regarded as non-risky and shields skin from UVA and UVB radiation.
It is a great sunscreen ingredient for sensitive skin that is prone to redness because of how gentle it is.
Titanium dioxide's fantastic for use near the eyes because it almost never stings.
Anatase and rutile are the two main types of titanium dioxide that are sold commercially.
Due to its superior ability to handle UV rays and its stability in the presence of UV light, the rutile form is typically used in sunscreens.
For use in cosmetic products, titanium dioxide is typically micronized and coated.
This slightly heavy-feeling ingredient is easier to spread thanks to the micronizing. Micronized titanium dioxide doesn’t penetrate the skin.
In sunscreens, it is commonly modified with other ingredients to ensure efficacy and stability.
Examples of what are known as surface modifier ingredients used for titanium dioxide include stearic acid, isostearic acid, polyhydroxystearic acid, and dimethicone/methicone copolymer.
It is a great broad-spectrum SPF ingredient and is widely used in all manner of sun-protection products.
In order to change a colour to a lighter shade, titanium dioxide, which is available as a white powder, is occasionally used in cosmetics.
This is also the reason why a white cast may result.
Titanium Dioxide is commonly used as a white pigment in sunscreens, paint and food coloring.
Titanium dioxide has been also should to exhibits photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet irradiation.
First mass-produced in 1916, titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high refractive index, in which it is surpassed only by a few other materials (see list of indices of refraction).
Titanium dioxide crystal size is ideally around 220 nm (measured by electron microscope) to optimize the maximum reflection of visible light.
However, abnormal grain growth is often observed in titanium dioxide, particularly in its rutile phase.
The occurrence of abnormal grain growth brings about a deviation of a small number of crystallites from the mean crystal size and modifies the physical behaviour of TiO2.
The optical properties of the finished pigment are highly sensitive to purity.
As little as a few parts per million (ppm) of certain metals (Cr, V, Cu, Fe, Nb) can disturb the crystal lattice so much that the effect can be detected in quality control.
Approximately 4.6 million tons of pigmentary Titanium dioxide are used annually worldwide, and this number is expected to increase as use continues to rise.
Titanium dioxide is also an effective opacifier in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and opacity to products such as paints, coatings, plastics, papers, inks, foods, supplements, medicines (i.e. pills and tablets), and most toothpastes; in 2019 it was present in two-thirds of toothpastes on the French market.
In paint, it is often referred to offhandedly as "brilliant white", "the perfect white", "the whitest white", or other similar terms.
Opacity is improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles.
In food, it is commonly found in ice creams, chocolates, all types of candy, creamers, desserts, marshmallows, chewing gum, pastries, spreads, dressings, cakes, some cheeses, and many other foods.
In ceramic glazes, titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation.
It is used as a tattoo pigment and in styptic pencils.
Titanium dioxide is produced in varying particle sizes which are both oil and water dispersible, and in certain grades for the cosmetic industry.
Titanium dioxide is also a common ingredient in toothpaste.
The exterior of the Saturn V rocket was painted with titanium dioxide; this later allowed astronomers to determine that J002E3 was likely the S-IVB stage from Apollo 12 and not an asteroid.
Titanium dioxide is an n-type semiconductor and is used in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Titanium dioxide is also used in other electronics components such as electrodes in batteries.
Pigment-grade titanium dioxide is used in a range of applications that require high opacity and brightness.
In fact, most surfaces and items that are white and pastel, and even dark shades of color, contain titanium dioxide.
Titanium dioxide provides opacity and durability, while helping to ensure the longevity of the paint and protection of the painted surface.
Titanium dioxide can help minimize the brittleness, fading and cracking that can occur in plastics and other materials as a result of light exposure.
Pigment-grade titanium dioxide is use in some cosmetics to aid in hiding blemishes and brightening the skin.
Titanium dioxide allows for the use of thinner coatings of make-up material for the same desired effect.
Titanium dioxide is used to coat paper, making it whiter, brighter and more opaque.
When deposited as a thin film, its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for dielectric mirrors; it is also used in generating decorative thin films such as found in "mystic fire topaz".
Some grades of modified titanium based pigments as used in sparkly paints, plastics, finishes and cosmetics – these are man-made pigments whose particles have two or more layers of various oxides – often titanium dioxide, iron oxide or alumina – in order to have glittering, iridescent and or pearlescent effects similar to crushed mica or guanine-based products.
In addition to these effects a limited colour change is possible in certain formulations depending on how and at which angle the finished product is illuminated and the thickness of the oxide layer in the pigment particle; one or more colours appear by reflection while the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers.
In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C One example of a pearlescent pigment is Iriodin, based on mica coated with titanium dioxide or iron (III) oxide.
The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering.
In cosmetic and skin care products, titanium dioxide is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a thickener.
As a sunscreen, ultrafine TiO2 is used, which is notable in that combined with ultrafine zinc oxide, it is considered to be an effective sunscreen that lowers the incidence of sun burns and minimizes the premature photoaging, photocarcinogenesis and immunosuppression associated with long term excess sun exposure.
Sometimes these UV blockers are combined with iron oxide pigments in sunscreen to increase visible light protection.
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are generally considered to be less harmful to coral reefs than sunscreens that include chemicals such as oxybenzone, octocrylene and octinoxate.
Nanosized titanium dioxide is found in the majority of physical sunscreens because of its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under ultraviolet light.
This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light.
Nano-scaled (particle size of 20–40 nm) titanium dioxide particles are primarily used in sunscreen lotion because they scatter visible light much less than titanium dioxide pigments, and can give UV protection.
Sunscreens designed for infants or people with sensitive skin are often based on titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide, as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals.
Nano-Titanium dioxide, which blocks both UV-A and UV-B radiation, is used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products.
Titanium dioxide is used extensively in plastics and other applications as a white pigment or an opacifier and for its UV resistant properties where the powder disperses light – unlike organic UV absorbers – and reduces UV damage, due mostly to the particle's high refractive index.
Titanium dioxide is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
Other release to the environment of Titanium dioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Release to the environment of Titanium dioxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Other release to the environment of Titanium dioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Titanium dioxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.
Titanium dioxide can be found in products with material based on: stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture).
Titanium dioxide is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and adhesives and sealants.
Titanium dioxide is used in the following areas: building & construction work and printing and recorded media reproduction.
Titanium dioxide is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, pulp, paper and paper products, machinery and vehicles, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, fabricated metal products, textile, leather or fur, rubber products, wood and wood products, furniture and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Other release to the environment of Titanium dioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Titanium dioxide is used in the following products: polymers, coating products and inks and toners.
Release to the environment of Titanium dioxide can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials and formulation of mixtures.
Titanium dioxide is used in the following products: polymers, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, textile treatment products and dyes, paper chemicals and dyes and adhesives and sealants.
Titanium dioxide is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Titanium dioxide is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, chemicals, plastic products, furniture, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, pulp, paper and paper products, rubber products, textile, leather or fur and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Titanium dioxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Safety profile:
When titanium dioxide is breatheable or inhalable, the majority of health concerns for people arise.
According to research findings, some mammals can breathe in nanosized titanium dioxide, raising concerns about possible harmful effects on humans.
Studies in the past have suggested that TiO2 nanoparticles may be more toxic than the more common, larger TiO2 particles.
Studies on human health, mostly occupational studies involving the inhalation of titanium dioxide, have produced contradictory results regarding cancer.
Due to worries about lung cancer, the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety has established limits for worker dust exposure.
The European Union (E.U.) provided the first scientific assessment of the safety of using titanium dioxide as a UV filter in cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 25%.
