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ADIPIC ACID

Adipic acid’s used in a variety of industrial and textile applications, such as to manufacture lubricants and nylon production.
Adipic acid can be found in carpet, automobile tires and clothing.
The other 10 percent is made specifically for use in foods and beverages.

CAS Number: 124-04-9
EC Number: 204-673-3
IUPAC name: Hexanedioic acid
Chemical Formula: C6H10O4

Other names: adipic acid, hexanedioic acid, 124-04-9, Adipinic acid, 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid, Acifloctin, Acinetten, Adilactetten, 1,6-Hexanedioic acid, Molten adipic acid, Kyselina adipova, FEMA No. 2011, Adipinsaeure, Adipinsaure, adipic-acid, Adipinsaure [German], Acide adipique, Adipidic acid, Acide adipique [French], FEMA Number 2011, Kyselina adipova [Czech], Hexanedioate, NSC 7622, CCRIS 812, ADIPIC-DB ACID, HSDB 188, Hexanedioc acid, Adi-pure, UNII-76A0JE0FKJ, NSC-7622, EINECS 204-673-3, 76A0JE0FKJ, Adipic acid [NF], BRN 1209788, INS NO.355, CHEBI:30832, AI3-03700, INS-355, E-355, Hexan-1,6-dicarboxylate, MFCD00004420, E355, INS No. 355, 1,6-HEXANE-DIOIC ACID, DTXSID7021605, NSC7622, EC 204-673-3, ADIPIC-1,6-13C2 ACID, 4-02-00-01956 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Adipic acid (NF), NCGC00091345-01, hexane-1,6-dioic acid, E 355, ADIPIC ACID (II), ADIPIC ACID [II], ADIPIC ACID (MART.), ADIPIC ACID [MART.], Adipic acid; Hexanedioic acid, DTXCID301605, adipicacid, ADIPIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH), ADIPIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], CAS-124-04-9, Adipinate, Adilac-tetten, Molten adipate, hexane dioic acid, 1,6-Hexanedioate, 0L1, ASAPIC, Adipic acid, 99%, INIPOL DS, Adipic acid, >=99%, ADIPIC ACID [MI], WLN: QV4VQ, ADIPIC ACID [FCC], bmse000424, ADIPIC ACID [FHFI], ADIPIC ACID [HSDB], SCHEMBL4930, CHEMBL1157, NCIOpen2_001004, NCIOpen2_001222, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH, Adipic acid, >=99.5%, ADIPIC ACID [USP-RS], ADIPIC ACID [WHO-DD], BIDD, Adipic acid, puriss., 99.8%, Pharmakon1600-01301012, Tox21_111118, Tox21_202161, Tox21_300344, BBL011615, LMFA01170048, NSC760121, s3594, STL163338, AKOS000119031, Tox21_111118_1, CCG-230896, CS-W018238, HY-W017522, NSC-760121, NCGC00091345-02, NCGC00091345-03, NCGC00091345-04, NCGC00091345-05, NCGC00254389-01, NCGC00259710-01, AC-10343, BP-21150, BP-30248, A0161, Adipic acid, BioXtra, >=99.5% (HPLC), Adipic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, NS00005309, EN300-18041, Adipic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%, C06104, D08839, D70505, EC 432-790-1, SBI-0653842.0001, AB00988898-01, AB00988898-03, Q357415, SR-01000944270, J-005034, J-519542, SR-01000944270-2, BRD-K10656395-001-02-1, Z57127533, Adipic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), F0001-0377, Adipic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association Number 2011, 1F1316F2-7A32-4339-8C2A-8CAA84696C95, Adipic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C6H10O4/c7-5(8)3-1-2-4-6(9)10/h1-4H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10, 847871-03-8

Adipic acid or hexanedioic acid is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2.
Adipic acid otherwise rarely occurs in nature,but Adipic Acid is known as manufactured E number food additive E355.

Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid.
Adipic acid is insoluble in water.

The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit Adipic Acids spread to the environment.
Adipic acid is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.

Adipic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.
Adipic acid has a role as a food acidity regulator and a human xenobiotic metabolite.

Adipic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid.
Adipic acid is a conjugate acid of an adipate(1-).

Adipic acid is a straight-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, commonly used in the manufacturing of nylon-6,6 and plasticizers.
Conventionally Adipic Acid was manufactured from petrochemicals but in recent days Adipic Acid can be synthesized from renewable substrates by means of biological methods.

Adipic acid otherwise rarely occurs in nature.
Other major applications also involve polymers; Adipic Acid is a monomer for production of polyurethane and Adipic Acids esters are plasticizers.

Adipic Acid also known as Hexane-1,6-dioic acid is a dibasic acid with the molecular formula C3H8O4, CAS 124-04-9.
Adipic acid is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and acetone.

Adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) and pimelic acid (heptanedioic acid) pyrolyze differently from the acids with a smaller number of carbon atoms.
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.

Adipic acid, or more formally hexanedioic acid, is a white crystalline solid that melts at 152 ºC.
Adipic acid is one of the most important monomers in the polymer industry.
Today, the most common manufacturing process is the nitric acid (HNO3) oxidation of a cyclohexanol–cyclohexanone mixture called KA (for ketone–alcohol) oil.

Almost all adipic acid is used as a comonomer with hexamethylenediamine to produce nylon 6-6.
Adipic acid is also used to manufacture other polymers such as polyurethanes.

Using HNO3 to produce adipic acid has Adipic Acids downside: Copious amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, are coproduced and released into the atmosphere.
This method eliminates the production of N2O.
But before the process can be used commercially, problems associated with the formation of organic peroxides from ozone and the difficulty of using UV light on a large scale must be overcome.

Adipic acid is used mainly in the production of nylon.
Adipic acid occurs relatively rarely in nature.
Adipic acid has a tart taste and is also used as an additive and gelling agent in jello or gelatins.

Adipic acid is also used in some calcium carbonate antacids to make them tart.
Adipic acid has also been incorporated into controlled-release formulation matrix tablets to obtain pH-independent release for both weakly basic and weakly acidic drugs.
Adipic acid in the urine and in the blood is typically exogenous in origin and is a good biomarker of jello consumption.

In fact, a condition known as adipic aciduria is actually an artifact of jello consumption.
However, certain disorders (such as diabetes and glutaric aciduria type I.) can lead to elevated levels of adipic acid snd other dicarboxcylic acids (such as suberic acid) in urine.

Moreover, adipic acid is also found to be associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, and medium Chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.
Adipic acid is also microbial metabolite found in Escherichia.

Adipic Acid is a mildly toxic, white, crystalline compound.
The C6 straight-chain dicarboxylic acid is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and acetone.
Nearly all commercial adipic acid is produced from cyclohexane.

Almost 90 percent of adipic acid produced is used in the production of nylon 66.
The nylon, which has a protein-like structure, is further processed into fibers for applications in carpeting, automobile tire cord, and clothing.

Adipic acid is also used to manufacture plasticizers and lubricant components.
Food grade adipic acid is used as a gelling aid, an acidulant, and as a leavening and buffering agent.

Adipic acid is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2.
Adipic acid is the most important of the dicarboxylic acids from the industrial perspective.

Adipic acid rarely occurs in nature.
Historically, adipic acid was prepared from various fats by oxidation.
Currently, adipic acid is made from a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol called “KA oil,” the abbreviation of “ketone-alcohol oil.”

The KA oil is oxidized using nitric acid to produce adipic acid, via a multistep pathway.
Early in the reaction, cyclohexane is converted to the ketone, which releases the nitrous acid.
Several methods have been developed by carbonylation of butadiene.

For example, the hydrocarboxylation proceeds as follows:
CH2=CHCH=CH2 2CO 2H2O —> HOOC(CH2)4COOH

A method has been reported that uses principles of green chemistry where water is the only by-product.
Cyclohexene is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide using a tungstate-based catalyst and a phase transfer catalyst.
Again, the only waste product is water.

90% of adipic acid is consumed in the industry for the production of nylon by poly-condensation with hexamethylenediamine.
Adipic acid is mainly used for the production of nylon 6,6 polymer for fibers and plastics.

Nylon has a protein-like structure.
Adipic acid can be further processed into the fibers for applications in carpets (felts), automobile tire cords and clothing.

Adipic acid can be used in the production of adipic acid plasticizer and lubricant components.
Adipic acid can be used in the production of polyester polyols for polyurethane systems.

Technical grade adipic acid can be used to produce plasticizers, to add flexibility and to give flexibility to unsaturated polyesters.
Adipic acid can be used in the production of rigid and flexible foams, in the production of wire coaters, elastomers and adhesives, to increase the flexibility of alkyd resins, in the production of wet strong resins and in the production of synthetic lubricants and oils for the paper chemical industry.

Acetic Acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
Adipic acid is a colorless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.

Vinegar is roughly 4%-8% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.
Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell.
Besides Adipic Acids production as household vinegar, Adipic Acid is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinylacetate and cellulose acetate.

Adipic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Adipic acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment)

Adipic acid formation from cyclohexanediol using platinum and vanadium catalysts:
Vanadium compounds have shown great potential alongside Pt/C for the oxidation of cyclohexanediol to adipic acid.

However, the low stability of these materials often leads to ambiguity when considering the homogeneous or heterogeneous nature of the active species.
In this article we describe our attempts to synthesise stable vanadium catalysts through the utilisation of vanadium bronze structures.

By the addition of sodium, copper or silver into these structures, leaching could be decreased to 5% for AgVO3, compared to 88.4% with V2O5.
These reactions were run in aqueous conditions under 3 bar O2.

However, despite significant stabilisation of vanadium in the bronze structures, we show that as little as 7.6 ppm of a homogeneous vanadium species in the reaction solution can cause the selective oxidation of 2-hydroxycyclohexanone to adipic acid.
Analysis of the speciation by 51V NMR and UV-vis has revealed the active species to be in the +5 oxidation state in the form of a decavanadate compound with the presence of small amounts of monovanadate.

Adipic acid is one of the most important feedstocks for producing resins, nylons, lubricants, plasticizers.
Current industrial petrochemical process, producing adipic acid from KA oil, catalyzed by nitric acid, has a serious pollution to the environment, due to the formation of waste nitrous oxide.
Hence, developing cleaner methods to prouce adipic acid has attracted much attention of both industry and academia.

Adipic acid is an intermediate monomer used for the production of polyamides (Nylon), polyester polyols for polyurethanes, lubricants, plasticizers, wet strength resins, coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers as well as pharmaceutical products, perfumes and cosmetics.

Aipic acid, hexanedioic acid, 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, mol wt 146.14, HOOCCH2CH2CH,CH2COOH, is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of about 152°C.
Little of this dicarboxylic acid occurs naturally, but Adipic acid is produced on a very large scale at several locations around the world.

The majority of this material is used in the manufacture of Nylon-6,6 polyamide, which is prepared by reaction with 1,6-hexanediamine.
Adipic acid is a colorless, odorless, sour-tasting crystalline solid that undergoes reactions including esterification, amidation, reduction, halogenation, salt formation, and dehydration.

Adipic acid also undergoes several industrially significant polymerization reactions.
Adipic acid historically has been manufactured predominantly from cyclohexane.

However, much research continues to be directed to alternative feedstocks, especially butadiene and cyclohexene, as dictated by shifts in hydrocarbon pricing.
Air quality regulations may exert further pressure for alternative routes as manufacturers seek to avoid NOx abatement costs.

When dispersed as a dust, adipic acid is subject to normal dust explosion hazards.
The material is an irritant, especially upon contact with the mucous membranes.

Protective goggles or face shields should be worn when handling the material.
The material should be stored in corrosion-resistant containers, away from alkaline or strong oxidizing materials.

Adipic acid is a very large-volume organic chemical and is one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, although demand is highly cyclic.
Adipic acid for nylon takes ∼60% of U.S. cyclohexane production.
Adipic acid is relatively nontoxic.

Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid.
Adipic acid is insoluble in water.

The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit Adipic acids spread to the environment.
Adipic acid is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.

The researchers are struggling to establish more reliable, renewable and affordable adipic acid synthesis methods, and among which, biological synthesis of adipic acid is attracting the most attention.
There are two biological routes for adipate synthesis: (1) biological accumulations of precursors of adipic acid such as d-glucaric acid and cis,cis-muconic acid, which can be further catalyzed to adipate; (2) synthesis of adipate directly from carbon source.

With the emergence of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, biological synthesis of adipic acid from renewable substrates is now feasible.
Here, we review the new approaches and technologies to produce adipic acid biologically, with the direct synthesis of adipic acid from the renewable substrates of special interes.

Adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the lowest acidity of commonly used food acids.
Adipic acid is a food additive which serves several functions in jams, beverages and baked goods.

Adipic acid’s used as an acidulant, pH regulator, flavoring, buffering and leavening agent.
In baking, this acid is typically used as: Leavening agent with baking soda Substitute for cream of tartar and ascorbic acid Texture firmer

This carbonic acid is frequently used in fluxes as an activator.
Adipic acids characteristic lies in the (-COOH) group(s).

Adipic acid reacts in the presence of temperature with metal oxides and converts these into metall.
With this reaction, oxides resting on the surface of the areas to be soldered are removed and the liquid solder can react with the pure metall.

Production of Adipic Acid and Derivatives from Carbohydrate-Containing Materials:
The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a glucose source to an adipic acid product.
The present invention includes processes for the conversion of glucose to an adipic acid product via glucaric acid or derivatives thereof.

The present invention also includes processes comprising catalytic oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivative thereof and processes comprising the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of glucaric acid or derivatives thereof to an adipic acid product.
The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Our high purity Adipic Acid (AA) is an important intermediate in the production of Nylon 6.6 but also used for a wide range of applications: resins, adhesives, coatings, plastics, paper, plasticizers, and detergency.
We offer Adipic Acid in the form of powder (density of untamped powder: 0.63 - 0.65 g/cm³).

Mom, dad, racecar, kayak, radar, sagas - can you guess what these words have in common? They are palindromes.
Palindromes are words that can be read the same way backward as forward.
What these words have in common with adipic acid is simple - the structural formula of adipic acid is like a palindrome.

Adipic acid is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Adipic acids basic formula is C6H10O4.
This means Adipic acid has a total of 6 carbons, 10 hydrogens and 4 oxygens.

If you write Adipic acid as a basic formula, Adipic acid doesn't look much like a palindrome, but how about if Adipic acid was written like this: HOOCHCHHCHHCHHCHCOOH.
You'll notice at the beginning and the end there is a HOOC.
This group is known as a called a carboxyl

When attached to other groups in chemistry Adipic acid is referred to as a carboxylic acid.
A carboxyl group makes up both ends of adipic acid, and since there are two of them, adipic acid is categorized as a dicarboxylic acid (di meaning 2).
Adipic acid isn't Adipic acids only name, but Adipic acid's the one most commonly used.

Stuck in the middle of the two carboxylic acids is a group of four carbons with two hydrogens that is often abbreviated (CH2).
Thus the structure of adipic acid is a 6 carbon chain with two carboxylic acid groups at each end.

Adipic acid has been incorporated into controlled-release formulation matrix tablets to obtain a pH-independent release for both weakly basic and weakly acidic drugs.
Adipic acid has also been incorporated into the polymeric coating of hydrophilic monolithic systems to modulate the intragel pH, resulting in zero-order release of hydrophilic drugs.

The disintegration at intestinal pH of the enteric polymer shellac has been reported to improve when adipic acid was used as a pore-forming agent without affecting release in the acidic media.
Adipic acid is used to make bisobrin an antifibrinolytic.

Adipic Acid, FCC is used as a food ingredient as a flavorant and gelling aid and as an acidulant in baking powders.
Spectrum Chemical offers over 300 Food Grade (FCC) chemical ingredients packaged in laboratory size bottles to production drum quantities and are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) per 21CFR part 211 in FDA registered and inspected facilities.

Adipic Acid (hexanedioic acid or 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid) is a white crystalline solid.
Adipic acid is used in the manufacturing of nylon and of polyurethane foams.
Adipic acid is also commonly used in food preparations during the Easter holiday as plasticizers and lubricants or as a food additive, in baking powders and adhesives.

Adipic Acid Market Overview:
Adipic acid is one of the most commercially important type of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, especially due to Adipic acids significant usage as a feedstock for the production of industrial fibers.
Adipic acid is produced from the oxidation of a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone with nitric acid.
Alternatively, adipic acid can also be produced from butadiene carbonylation.

There has been a significant demand for chemically resilient, strong and durable fibers for the manufacture of automotive parts.
This has initiated a strong demand for adipic acid, since Adipic acid is one of the key ingredients for the production of composite materials.
The major consumption of adipic acid is as the feedstock for the production for nylon 6,6 resin and engineering fibers.

The non-nylon applications of adipic acid include Adipic acids usage in the manufacture of polyurethanes, plasticizers, food additives and pharmaceuticals.
The escalating demand for adipic acid from automotive, electrical & electronics, consumer goods and appliances industry is one of the chief drivers for the adipic acid market.

The extensive research and development in the textile production technology is also one of the key factors influencing the adipic acid market.
The companies are focusing on developing high quality, durable, lightweight and high absorption capacity fibers which are capable of enduring extreme conditions such as high temperatures and are chemically inert as well.

The adipic acid market has witnessed a significant growth in the recent decade and the trend is anticipated to continue for the forecast period.
However, the presence of stringent environmental regulations in different regions and the rise of hybrid fibers is expected to restrain the adipic acid market.
The adipic acid market can be segmented on the basis of the regions as North America, Latin America, APEJ, Japan, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Middle East & Africa.

In terms of production and consumption APEJ is the biggest market for the adipic acid.
The chief markets in APEJ region include India and China, which are forecasted to exhibit double digit CAGR owing to relatively relaxed regulation and high demand from the automotive manufacturers markets Followed by APEJ the next most promising region is Middle East and Africa, which will be a chief participant in the adipic acid market in the coming years.

Although North America is one of the largest market for adipic acid in terms of consumption.
However, the demand in this regions is modest and is anticipated to exhibit modest growth over the forecast period.
Europe is anticipated to exhibit a modest growth in imminent years for adipic acid owing to Adipic acids high demand in the automotive industry, but the market in this region is limited due to the presence of strict regulations.

Molecular Weight Description of Adipic acid:
The adipic acid molecule consists of 10 Hydrogen atom(s), 6 Carbon atom(s) and 4 Oxygen atom(s) - a total of 20 atom(s).
The molecular weight of adipic acid is determined by the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms, which is calculated to be: 146.1412⋅g/mol

The exact term of the above molecular weight is “molar mass”, which is based on the atomic mass of each element.
Molecular weight is actually an older term of “relative molar mass” or “molecular mass”, which is a dimensionless quantity equal to the molar mass divided by the molar mass constant defined by 1 g/mol.

Molecular masses are calculated from the standard atomic weights of each nuclide, while molar masses are calculated from the atomic mass of each element.
The atomic mass takes into account the isotopic distribution of the element in a given sample.

Melting Point: 153 °C
Solubility in water: Slightly soluble
Degree of solubility in water: 22 g/l 20 °C
Solubility (very soluble in): Alcohol

Solubility (soluble in): Acetone
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 146.142
Physical Form: Crystalline Powder
Boiling Point: 337.0°C

Melting Point: 151.0°C to 153.0°C
Flash Point: 196°C
Formula Weight: 146.14
Color: White

Molecular Weight: 146.14
XLogP3: 0.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 5

Exact Mass: 146.05790880
Monoisotopic Mass: 146.05790880
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Complexity: 114

Adipic acid is commonly known as “fat acid” with the formula C6H10O4, molecular weight is 146.14, which is an importantdibasic acidin aliphaticsdibasic acid.
Adipic acid is a kind of white crystalline solid, and odorless.

Adipic acid has common features with aliphaticsdibasic acid, including salt forming reaction, esterification reaction, amidation, etc.
Meanwhile, Adipic acid can form polymer with diamine through polycondensation reaction.

Adipic acid is mainly used in producing nylon fiber and engineering plastics, and polyurethane in quantity.
Most of parts are used to produce PU, liquid for sole, polyurethane foam, etc.

A small number of them are used for high quality lubricating oil.
High quality ester of adipic acid can be used as PVC and Adipic acids copolymer, plasticizer of natural synthetic rubber.
A large number of adipic acid ester is used to produce food packaging, thin film and PVC for insulation.

Adipic acid is also used for sour agent of food and drink.
Adipic acid is not easy to deliquesce, so Adipic acid is used in dry food, and can be kept in a long time.

The Adipic acid products adopt cyclohexene method to make cyclohexanol, then nitric acid oxidation.
The products have obvious advantages, such as high purity, good quality, and large output.
The production technology has obvious advantages of low raw material consumption, low energy consumption, low three wastes discharge, high automaticity, safety and environmental protection.

We have: pure adipic acid, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol,diacid, cyclohexene, dilute nitric acid(65%), etc.
Safety, storage and transportation: adipic acid is stable, non-toxic, and not easy to deliquesce.

Be careful of water-proof, rain-proof when transportation.
When the content is higher than 14%, Adipic acid is easy to have static to cause fire, so please use carefully.
The upper explosive limit of adipic acid dust mixed with air blending is 7.9%, the lower limit is 3.94%.

Adipic acid, also known as fatty acid, is an important organic diacid with the molecular formula C6H10O4.
HS code for Adipic Acid is 29171200.
Widely used in applications of sole raw liquor, PU coating, TPU, nylon 66, plasticizer, adhesives, and so on.

Applications of Adipic acid:

In medicine of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid has been incorporated into controlled-release formulation matrix tablets to obtain pH-independent release for both weakly basic and weakly acidic drugs.
Adipic acid has also been incorporated into the polymeric coating of hydrophilic monolithic systems to modulate the intragel pH, resulting in zero-order release of a hydrophilic drug.

The disintegration at intestinal pH of the enteric polymer shellac has been reported to improve when adipic acid was used as a pore-forming agent without affecting release in the acidic media.
Other controlled-release formulations have included adipic acid with the intention of obtaining a late-burst release profile.

In foods of Adipic acid:
Small but significant amounts of adipic acid are used as a food ingredient as a flavorant and gelling aid.
Adipic acid is used in some calcium carbonate antacids to make them tart.

As an acidulant in baking powders, Adipic acid avoids the undesirable hygroscopic properties of tartaric acid.
Adipic acid, rare in nature, does occur naturally in beets, but this is not an economical source for commerce compared to industrial synthesis.

Function of Adipic acid:

Adipic acid serves several functions in baked goods:
Leavening acidulant along with baking powder,
pH regulator mainly in confections, jellies and jams,
Buffering agent mainly for systems in the pH 2.5-3.0 range,
Unique flavor enhancement and desirable smooth tartness,
Sequestrant in edible oil and fats,
Whipping ability enhancer in egg whites,
Gelling aid in gelatin-based desserts,
Ascorbic acid and cream of tartar substitute with improved results.

Uses of Adipic acid:
Providing tart taste, gel-like shape, firm texture and fizzy flavors, adipic acid is a rather flexible food additive.
Although Adipic acid’s found naturally in a few foods, most of the adipic acid found in the food supply is synthetic.

Although adipic acid has been approved for safe consumption since 1965, some people try to avoid this and other food additives altogether.
In that case, Adipic acid’s important to know which foods contain synthetic adipic acid.

Adipic Acid for Flavor:
Adipic acid is naturally found in beets and sugar cane.
The synthetic version of adipic acid is commonly added as the main acid in bottled drinks, giving them a bubbly fizz.

Adipic acid also adds a tart flavor to fruit juice and gelatin.
The organic acid is used in many powdered food and drink mixes to provide a sweet flavor.
Adipic acid might also be found in imitation flavor extracts, dairy products, tart condiments like pickles and relish and throat lozenges.

Adipic Acid for Texture:
Along with adding tartness, adipic acid allows jam, gelatin and jelly to hold their jiggly shapes.
Adipic acid gives a firm texture to some types of cheese and serves as a leavening agent in baking powder, cake mixes and baked goods.
Adipic acid is also frequently added to edible oils, prolonging the time Adipic acid takes for them to become rancid.

All that being said, adipic acid has a wide variety of uses and over 4.4 billion pounds of Adipic acid has been produced worldwide.
Adipic acid can be combined with other molecules or some chemical groups can be added to the four middle carbons to make a useful product.

Nylon 6,6 formation:
Adipic acid is used to make Nylon 6,6.
Nylon 6,6 is used in carpeting, clothing, cords and mechanical parts.

In addition, adipic acid is useful for making plastics or polyesters.
In particular, Adipic acid has been used in food wrap and blood bags.
Forms and derivatives of adipic acid are also used as a vehicle for pharmaceutical drugs - this means Adipic acid helps the drug get into your body when you're sick.

Adipic Acid is mainly used as a monomer for the production of polyamide 6.6 pellets and other polyamides or polymers in the field of Engineering Plastics, Textile Fibers and Industrial Yarns as well as Polyurethane for flexible and semi-rigid foams.
Adipic Acid is also used as an intermediate for organic synthesis in the field of lubricants, plasticizers, wet strength resins, coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers, perfumes and cosmetics.

In addition, Adipic Acid is used in formulation in the field of pH regulator and buffer and used as laboratory chemicals.

More than 92% of the production of adipic acid is dedicated for the production of nylon 6,6 by a reaction with HMD Hexamethylene diamine.
Nylon is utilized in fibbers, clothing, plastics, filaments, food packaging,
Adipic acid is also used in polyurethane resins, foam, shoe soles, and as food additive.
Esters of adipic Acid are used as plasticizers for PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) resins and lubricant component.

Arpadis is one of the largest chemical distributor in Europe.
Arpadis is handling the storage, transport, export & import formalities of Adipic Acid globally.
Other major applications also involve polymers; Adipic acid is a monomer for production of polyurethane and Adipic acids esters are plasticizers, especially in PVC.

Adipic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Adipic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Nylon 6,6 and specialty nylons,
Polyester polyols for polyurethanes,
Wet-strength resins for paper products,
Plasticizers for PVC,
Unsaturated polyester resins,
Glass interleaving powders,
Ingredient in foods and medications.

Widespread Uses by Professional Workers of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Adipic acid is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and printing and recorded media reproduction.

Adipic acid is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at Industrial Sites of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers, leather treatment products and washing & cleaning products.
Adipic acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Adipic acid is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Adipic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.

Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: outdoor use as reactive substance.

Formulation or Re-Packing of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products and washing & cleaning products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and as processing aid.

Synthesis of Adipic Acid:
A simple, straightforward, and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of adipic acid from oxidation of cyclohexanone with Oxone in the presence of 0.5 mol% RuCl3 · nH2O is reported.
The reaction completes within a very short time even at room temperature.
The generality of the method is shown successfully for synthesis of other C-5 to C-8 dicarboxylic acids.

Solubility of Adipic Acid in Organic Solvents and Water:
The solubility of adipic acid in methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetone, 1,4-dioxane, acetic acid, and water was measured within the 0–60°C temperature range.
A sampler for determination of the temperature dependence of the solubility of solids in liquids by the isothermal method was suggested.

The thermodynamic parameters of solution of adipic acid in the above solvents were calculated.
The dependence of the solubility on the solvent and temperature was considered.

Adipic acid, also known as hexanedioic acid, is produced from a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone with air or nitric acid.
Adipic acid is naturally found in beets and sugar cane.

Adipic acid is commonly added as the main acid in bottled drinks, giving them a bubbly fizz.
Adipic acid is also adds a tart flavor to fruit juice and gelatin.

The organic acid is used in many powdered food and drink mixes to provide a sweet flavor.
Along with adding tartness, Adipic acid allows jam, gelatin and jelly to jiggle but still hold their shape.

Adipic acid adds texture to some types of cheese and can serve as a leavening agent in baking powder, cake mixes and baked goods.
Food oil manufacturers add Adipic acid to their edible oils in order to prolong the time Adipic acid takes for bottled oils to become rancid.
When used as a food acidulant in products, acidic acid is clearly identified in the ingredient list by Adipic acids name or food additive number 355.

These corrosion data are mainly based on results of general corrosion laboratory tests, carried out with pure chemicals and water solutions nearly saturated with air (the corrosion rate can be quite different if the solution is free from oxygen).
All concentrations are given in weight-% and the solvent is water if nothing else is shown.
The corrosion data apply to annealed materials with normal microstructure and clean surfaces, throughout.

A white crystalline, solid that occurs naturally in beet juice.
Adipic acid is prepared synthetically from cyclohexanol.
Adipic acid is primarily used in the production of Nylon and Polyurethane foams.

Adipic acid is also used as a Plasticizer, Lubricant, and a food additive in baking powder (in place of Cream of tartar) and in beverages (in place of Citric acid).
Adipic acid is not Hygroscopic.
Prior to 1940, adipic acid was also used for bronzing metals, preparing photographic paper, textile dyeing, and as a component in synthetic wax sizes mixed with Glycerol, Stearic acid, and Palmitic acid.

Ascend is the only large-scale producer of food-grade adipic acid in the world.
Ascend ships adipic acid in a variety of package sizes, including rail cars, tank trucks, super sacks and 50-pound bags, via our established, efficient global distribution network.

Production of Apidic Acid:
Adipic acid is isolated as odorless, colorless crystals with an acidic taste.
Adipic acid undergoes the reactions of carboxylic acids, reacting at one or both carboxylic acid groups to form salts, esters, amides, nitriles and so on.

Because of the bifunctional nature of this acid, Adipic acid is used in a number of industrial polymerization processes.
Adipic acid is an industrially important 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid Most adipic acid is used captively by the producer in the manufacture of nylon-6,6 polyamide, prepared by reaction of adipic acid with 1,6-hexanediamine.

Adipic acid is also used for a wide range of applications, including:
Conversion to esters,
In placticizers, lubricants and polyurethane resins,
As an acidulant for gelatins and jams,
As a food additive for buffering or neutralizing,
To make insect repellent,
As a starch crosslinking agent,
And as an intermediate for paints.

Commercial production of adipic acid has been predominantly based on cyclohexane and, to a lesser extent, phenol.
In light of shifts in hydrocarbon pricing, alternative adipic acid production.

The nylon (polyamide) is further processed into fibers for applications in carpeting, automobile tire cord, and clothing.
Adipic Acid is also used to manufacture plasticizers and lubricant components.
Food grade Adipic Acid is used as a gelling aid, an acidulant, and as a leavening and buffering agent.

Commercial Production of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is produced commercially by the following process:
Oxidation of cyclohexane in the presence of air to form a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol.

Oxidation of the cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol mixture with nitric acid to produce the adipic acid.
The process has a theoretical yield of 92-96% when high purity cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol mixture is used.

Preparation and reactivity of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is produced from a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol called KA oil, the abbreviation of ketone-alcohol oil.
The KA oil is oxidized with nitric acid to give adipic acid, via a multistep pathway.

Early in the reaction, the cyclohexanol is converted to the ketone, releasing nitrous acid:
HOC6H11 + HNO3 → OC(CH2)5 + HNO2 + H2O

Among Adipic acids many reactions, the cyclohexanone is nitrosated, setting the stage for the scission of the C-C bond:
HNO2 + HNO3 → NO+NO3− + H2O
OC6H10 + NO+ → OC6H9-2-NO + H

Side products of the method include glutaric and succinic acids.
Nitrous oxide is produced in about one to one mole ratio to the adipic acid,[5] as well, via the intermediacy of a nitrolic acid.
Related processes start from cyclohexanol, which is obtained from the hydrogenation of phenol.

Alternative methods of production of Adipic acid:
Several methods have been developed by carbonylation of butadiene.

For example, the hydrocarboxylation proceeds as follows:
CH2=CH−CH=CH2 + 2 CO + 2 H2O → HO2C(CH2)4CO2H

Another method is oxidative cleavage of cyclohexene using hydrogen peroxide.
The waste product is water.
Historically, adipic acid was prepared by oxidation of various fats, thus the name (ultimately from Latin adeps, adipis – "animal fat"; cf. adipose tissue).

Reactions of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid is a dibasic acid (Adipic acid has two acidic groups).
The pKa values for their successive deprotonations are 4.41 and 5.41.

With the carboxylate groups separated by four methylene groups, adipic acid is suited for intramolecular condensation reactions.
Upon treatment with barium hydroxide at elevated temperatures, Adipic acid undergoes ketonization to give cyclopentanone.

Adipic acid is a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them.

They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic.
Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat.

Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt.
Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water.

Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions.
The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0.
Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt.

Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.
Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry.
Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in Adipic acid to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers.

Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids.
Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide.

Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides.
Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.
Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat.

Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.
These reactions generate heat.

A wide variety of products is possible.
Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Behavior in Fire: Melts and may decompose to give volatile acidic vapors of valeric acid and other substances.

Environmental of Adipic acid:
The production of adipic acid is linked to emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas and cause of stratospheric ozone depletion.
At adipic acid producers DuPont and Rhodia (now Invista and Solvay, respectively), processes have been implemented to catalytically convert the nitrous oxide to innocuous products:

History of Adipic acid:
Natural sources of adipic acid include beet and sugar cane, pork fat, guava fruit, papaya and raspberry which are economically feasible.
Commercially-available adipic acid crystalline powder is obtained via a synthetic process which was developed in 1906 for industrial applications and is still used today.
Regulatory approval for using this acid in foods was granted in 1965.

Safety and Handling of Adipic acid:

Product Identifier: Adipic acid
Signal Word: Danger

Precautionary Statement of Adipic acid:
P280-Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P305+P351+P338-IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.

Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
P310-Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor/.

Safety of Adipic acid:
Adipic acid, like most carboxylic acids, is a mild skin irritant.
Adipic acid is mildly toxic, with a median lethal dose of 3600 mg/kg for oral ingestion by rats.

Hand Protection of Adipic acid:
Wear suitable gloves.
Chemical protection gloves are suitable, which are tested according to EN 374.

For special purposes, Adipic acid is recommended to check the resistance to chemicals of the protective gloves mentioned above together with the supplier of these gloves.
The times are approximate values from measurements at 22 ° C and permanent contact.

Increased temperatures due to heated substances, body heat etc. and a reduction of the effective layer thickness by stretching can lead to a considerable reduction of the breakthrough time.
If in doubt, contact manufacturer.

At an approx. 1.5 times larger / smaller layer thickness, the respective breakthrough time is doubled / halved.
The data apply only to the pure substance.
When transferred to substance mixtures, they may only be considered as a guide.

Properties of Adipic acid:
So now we know the formula and structure adipic acid, what are some of Adipic acids properties?
What does Adipic acid look like? What is known about Adipic acid?

Well, for one Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid at room temperature - this means Adipic acid kinda looks like salt or white sand.
Adipic acid's also slightly flammable.

This means if you add a little heat you might get a fire.
If you add extremely high heat you may even get a little bit of an explosion!

Apparently someone thought Adipic acid would be a good idea to taste Adipic acid, so we know adipic acid has a tart taste, though I wouldn't recommend eating Adipic acid, since Adipic acid'll mess with your digestive system.
Also, Adipic acid's not called an acid for nothing.

If you add Adipic acid to water solutions, Adipic acid becomes corrosive and can act just like the name suggests - an acid.
In fact, because Adipic acid has two carboxylic acids attached at the ends, Adipic acid can react with two bases.
Thus Adipic acid is known as a dibasic acid.

Just in case you're thinking of inhaling the lovely white crystalline solid, Adipic acid's definitely not recommended, since Adipic acid irritates your lungs and can make you sneeze, cough, cough up blood, or can even cause asthma.
Although adipic acid is biodegradable, Adipic acids formation can have environmental consequences.

One of the byproducts of adipic acid formation from benzene is nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas.
Scientists however are working on environmentally friendly ways of producing adipic acid