BIZMUTH OXIDE

Bizmuth Oxide is used in disinfectants, magnets, glass, rubber vulcanization; in fireproofing of papers and polymers; in catalysts.
Bizmuth Oxide is used in the preparation of BiFeO3perovskite nanoparticles. 
Bizmuth Oxide finds use in disinfectants, magnets, glass, rubber, vulcanization, fireproofing papers and polymers and catalysts. 

CAS Number: 1304-76-3 
EC Number: 215-134-7
MDL Number: MFCD00003462
Chemical Formula: Bi2O3

SYNONYMS:
Dibismuth trioxide, DTXSID8046537, NCGC00166095-01, Bismuth tetraoxide, oxo(oxobismuthanyloxy)bismuthane, Bismuth(cento) oxide, Bi2O3, DTXCID6026537, Bismuth(III) oxide, 99.99%, Bismuth(cento) oxide, 99.999%, Bismuth(III) oxide, p.a., 98%, Tox21_112312, AKOS015903964, Bismuth(cento) oxide, 99.9%, Nanopowder, CAS-1304-76-3, Bismuth(III) oxide, purum, >=98.0% (KT), Q252536, Bismuth(III) oxide, powder, 99.999% trace metals basis, Bismuth(III) oxide, nanopowder, 90-210 nm particle size, 99.8% trace metals basis, Bismuth(III) oxide, ReagentPlus(R), powder, 10 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis, Bismuth trioxide, Bismuth(III) oxide, Bismite (mineral), Bismuth oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, Dibismuth trioxide, Bismuth(III) oxide, C.I. 77160, Bismuth oxide, Bismuth trioxide, Einecs 235-736-3, Dibismuth trioxide, Bismutum-oxydatum, Dioxodibismoxane, Bismuth(III) oxide, Keto-ketobismuthanyloxy-bismuthane, Bismuth sesquioxide, Bismuth Yellow, Bismuth(3+) oxide, Dibismuth trioxide, Bismuth trioxide, Bismutum-oxydatum, Dioxodibismoxane, Bismuth(III) oxide, Keto-ketobismuthanyloxy-bismuthane, Bismuth sesquioxide, Bismuth Yellow, Bismuth(3+) oxide, 637017, 45582, 46314, BISMUTH OXIDE, BISMUTH(III) OXIDE, Dibismuth trioxide, Bismuth(III) oxide,99.9%, Bi2-O3, Bismite, c.i.77160, C.I. 77160, bismuthyellow, Bismuth 0xide,

Bizmuth Oxide (also known as Bismuth (III) Oxide, Bismuth Yellow, Bismuth sesquioxide, and Bismuthous oxide) is a yellow solid. 
Bizmuth Oxide is practically insoluble in water. 
Bizmuth Oxide is stable under normal temperatures and pressures, and its melting point is 825 °C. 

Bizmuth Oxide is a very important compound of Bismuth.
Bizmuth Oxide is the most industrially vital compound of bismuth. 
Bizmuth Oxide is a highly insoluble and thermally stable Bismuth source suitable for glass, optic, and ceramic applications.

Bizmuth Oxide is an important compound of Bismuth.
Bizmuth Oxide has two kinds of crystal structure: Alpha type and Beta type. 
Bizmuth Oxide is an odourless yellow powder characterised by rhombic-shaped crystals.

Bizmuth Oxide is insoluble in water but soluble in Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and Nitric acid (HNO3).
Bizmuth Oxide is an excellent flux, can make a low temperature frit, color, and glaze
Bizmuth Oxide is a compound of bismuth, and a common starting point for bismuth chemistry.

Bizmuth Oxide is found naturally as the mineral bismite (monoclinic) and sphaerobismoite (tetragonal, much more rare), but it is usually obtained as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores. 
Bizmuth Oxide nanoparticles are yellow colored powder with the compound formula of Bi2O3. 

The molecular weight of Bizmuth Oxide is 465.96 and the melting point is 817 °C (1,503 °F). 
Bismuth shows high electrical resistance. 
The formation of Bizmuth Oxide particles goes through the gel to a crystalline state using X-ray diffraction (XRD). 

Its electrochemical applications in electrolyte or cathode of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have changed the ways for many Experiments. 
Thin films made of these particles are of remarkable use in biomedical and cancer imaging and for other photoconductive qualities. 
Bizmuth Oxide nanoparticles are available in various forms including nanorods, nanopyramids, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, and additional nanostructures.

Bizmuth Oxide is a heavy, Yellow Powder
Bizmuth Oxide is a yellow, monoclinic crystalline powder. 
Bizmuth Oxide is insoluble in water and hydroxide solutions but dissolves in acids to form bismuth (III) salts. 

Bizmuth Oxide can be prepared by heating bismuth in air or by heating hydroxides, carbonates or nitrates of bismuth.
Bizmuth Oxide is the most important industrial compound of bismuth, and a starting point for bismuth chemistry. 
Bizmuth Oxide is found naturally as the mineral bismite, but it is usually obtained as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores. 

Bizmuth Oxide may also be prepared by burning bismuth metal in air. 
Bizmuth Oxide easily forms solid solutions with many other metal oxides. 
These doped systems exhibit a complex array of structures and properties dependent on the type of dopant, the dopant concentration and the thermal history of the sample. 

The most widely studied systems are those involving rare earth metal oxides, Ln2O3, including yttria, Y2O3. 
Rare earth metal cations are generally very stable, have similar chemical properties to one another and are similar in size to Bi3+, which has a radius of 1.03 Å, making them all excellent dopants. 

Furthermore, their ionic radii decrease fairly uniformly from La3+ (1.032 Å), through Nd3+ (0.983 Å), Gd3+ (0.938 Å), Dy3+ (0.912 Å) and Er3+ (0.89 Å), to Lu3+ (0.861 Å) (known as the "lanthanide contraction"), making them useful to study the effect of dopant size on the stability of the Bi2O3 phases.
Bizmuth Oxide is very expensive (maybe twice the price of even tin oxide)! 

Thus Bizmuth Oxide takes a lot to justify its use. 
Bizmuth Oxide rivals the brilliant gloss and durability and hardness of lead in many glazes, though not all (no other material can make that claim).
Because bismuth is such a powerful flux, often very little is be needed (5% or less) to impart better melting to a glaze, in these cases it should not overly affect the oxide balance. 

However much larger amounts may are used for special purpose glazes, bismuth makes it possible to use highly desired material combinations and color systems that would not otherwise melt well enough using other fluxes.
Since bismuth melts a low temperature, its use in higher temperature glazes runs the risk of vaporization of some of the material. 

This is, of course, is dependent on time and temperature. 
At the same time, its ultra-low melting temperature makes it possible to produce a glass that melts at 400C (if you are willing to pay for recipe containing 90% bismuth).

Bizmuth Oxide is derived from the ignition of bismuth nitrate which in turn is obtained from the heavy metal bismuth (found in the US, Peru, and Mexico). 
Bismuth is very similar to lead, however there is no evidence that it is toxic. 
In fact, Bizmuth Oxide is used in medicines taken orally for stomach complaints.

Bizmuth Oxide is one of the most important bismuth compounds.
Bizmuth Oxide has excellent dielectric properties, high oxygen fluidity, large energy gap, high refractive index, significant photoconductivity and photoluminescence, and is an advanced 

USES and APPLICATIONS of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is mainly used in Manufacture of chemical reagents and bismuth salt, Glass industry as a colorant, Electronic ceramics, Scintillator BGO, Superconductor, and  Solid oxide fuel cells.
Bizmuth Oxide is used Ceramics and Glasses, Rubbers, Plastics, Inks, and Paints, Medical and Pharmaceuticals, Analytical reagents, Varistor, Electronics

Bizmuth Oxide is used as an analytic reagent and used for preparing bismuth salts and manufacturing fireproof paper. 
Bizmuth Oxide can be widely applied in inorganic synthesis, electronic ceramics, chemical reagents, etc.
Bizmuth Oxide is mainly used for manufacturing ceramic dielectric capacitors and can also be used for manufacturing electronic ceramic elements such as piezoelectric ceramics and piezoresistors.

Bizmuth Oxide is for scientific research only and shall not be used for other purposes.
Compared with beta Bismuth oxide, alpha Bismuth oxide is more stable in high temperature and has more common use of electronic materials, thermistor, glass coloring, varistor, surge arresters, CRT, fireproof paper, nuclear reactor fuel, electronic etc.

Bizmuth Oxide is one of the bismuth compounds widely spread in the industry. 
Bismite ore is the raw material of which it is produced. 
Bizmuth Oxide is a raw material for the ceramic, glass and electrotechnical sector.

Bizmuth Oxide is mainly used in electronic materials, thermistor, glass coloring, varistor, surge arresters, CRT, fireproof paper, nuclear reactor fuel, electronic etc.
Bizmuth Oxide is commonly used to produce the "Dragon's eggs" effect in fireworks, as a replacement of red lead.

Bizmuth Oxide is used in the preparation of BiFeO3perovskite nanoparticles. 
Bizmuth Oxide finds use in disinfectants, magnets, glass, rubber, vulcanization, fireproofing papers and polymers and catalysts. Bismuth trioxide brings about the "dragon's eggs" effect in fireworks, as a replacement of red lead. 

Bismuth(III) compounds are attractive reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis because of their low cost and ease of handling. 
Bizmuth Oxide nanoparticles also play an important role in high energy gas generators. 
The alpha crystalline form of bismuth(III) oxide has p-type electronic conductivity.

Bizmuth Oxide is used to prepare bismuth salt; used as electronic ceramic powder material, electrolyte material, photoelectric material, high temperature superconducting material, catalyst. 
As an important additive in electronic ceramic powder materials, Bizmuth Oxide usually requires a purity greater than 99.15%. 

The main applications of Bizmuth Oxide are zinc oxide varistors,ceramic capacitors, ferrite magnetic materials; and glaze rubber compounding agent, medicine, red glass compounding agent, etc.

Bizmuth Oxide is widely used in the electronics industry, chemical industry, glass industry, plastic industry, ceramic glaze and other material industries, such as electronic ceramic powder materials, electrolyte materials, magnetic materials, photoelectric materials, high-temperature superconducting materials, catalyst, Fireproof materials (firepro of paper), nuclear reactor fuel, firework materials, radiation protection materials, ceramic packaging materials, etc.

Bizmuth Oxide is commonly used to produce the "Dragon's eggs" effect in fireworks, as a replacement of red lead.
Bizmuth Oxide has also been used as sintering additive in the Sc2O3-doped zirconia system for intermediate temperature SOFC.
Bizmuth Oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Bismuth source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. 

Bizmuth Oxide is found naturally as the mineral bismite and sphaerobismoite but can also be achieved as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores. 
Bizmuth Oxide is the most industrially vital compound of bismuth. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. 

However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. 
They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. 

They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic High Purity (99.999%) Bismuth Oxide(Bi2O3) Powderconductivity. 

Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. 
Bismuth Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powders, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities). 

Bismuth Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes. 
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. 
Bizmuth Oxide is used in disinfectants, magnets, glass, rubber vulcanization; in fireproofing of papers and polymers; in catalysts.

American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. 

-Use of Bizmuth Oxidein solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs):
Interest has centred on δ-Bi2O3 as it is principally an ionic conductor. 

In addition to electrical properties, thermal expansion properties are very important when considering possible applications for solid electrolytes. 
High thermal expansion coefficients represent large dimensional variations under heating and cooling, which would limit the performance of an electrolyte. 

The transition from the high-temperature δ-Bi2O3 to the intermediate β-Bi2O3 is accompanied by a large volume change and consequently, a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the material. 
This, combined with the very narrow stability range of the δ-phase (727–824 °C), has led to studies on its stabilization to room temperature.

-Medical devices uses of Bizmuth Oxide:
Bizmuth Oxide is occasionally used in dental materials to make them more opaque to X-rays than the surrounding tooth structure. 
In particular, Bizmuth Oxide has been used in hydraulic silicate cements (HSC), originally in "MTA" (a trade name, standing for the chemically-meaningless "mineral trioxide aggregate") from 10 to 20% by mass with a mixture of mainly di- and tri-calcium silicate powders. 

Such HSC is used for dental treatments such as: apicoectomy, apexification, pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulp regeneration, internal repair of iatrogenic perforations, repair of resorption perforations, root canal sealing and obturation. 

MTA sets into a hard filling material when mixed with water. 
Some resin-based materials also include an HSC with Bizmuth Oxide. 

Problems have allegedly arisen with Bizmuth Oxide because it is claimed not to be inert at high pH, specifically that it slows the setting of the HSC, but also over time can lose color by exposure to light or reaction with other materials that may have been used in the tooth treatment, such as sodium hypochlorite.

-Radiative cooling uses of Bizmuth Oxide:
Bizmuth Oxide was used to develop a scalable colored surface high in solar reflectance and heat emissivity for passive radiative cooling. 

The paint was non-toxic and demonstrated a reflectance of 99% and emittance of 97%. 
In field tests the coating exhibited significant cooling power and reflected potential for the further development of colored surfaces practical for large-scale radiative cooling applications

THE MAIN FEATURES OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is an important additive in electronic ceramic powder materials, purity is generally required to be above 99.15%, the main application objects are zinc oxide varistor, ceramic capacitor, ferrite magnetic materials in three categories.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide or water-soluble carbon dioxide reacts easily with Bi2O3 to form bismuth subcarbonate. 

Bizmuth Oxide is considered to be an alkaline oxide, which explains its high reactivity with carbon dioxide. 
However, when an acidic cation such as Si(IV) is introduced into the Bizmuth Oxide structure, the reaction with carbon dioxide does not occur. 
Bizmuth Oxide reacts with a concentrated mixture of sodium hydroxide and bromine or with a mixture of potassium hydroxide and bromine to form sodium bismuth or potassium bismuth, respectively.

FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
The pure product of Bizmuth Oxide has α type and β type. 
The α type is yellow monoclinic crystal with a relative density of 8.9 and a melting point of 825°C. 

Bizmuth Oxide is soluble in acid, insoluble in water and alkali. 
β type is bright yellow to orange, cubic crystal system, relative density 8.55, melting point 860°C,soluble in acid but insoluble in water. 
Bizmuth Oxide easily reduced to metallic bismuth by hydrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.

STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is the deeply studied class of bismuth compounds, and they present four different phases. 
At room temperature, monoclinic α-Bi2O3 is the common stable phase with a polymeric-distorted layered structure composed of pentacoordinate bismuth atoms enclosed into pseudo-octahedral units. 

At a temperature higher than 710 °C, the α phase is converted into the cubic δ phase, which has a defective structure with random oxygen vacancies. 
The β phase and several oxygen-rich forms are closely related to the δ phase. 
In particular, the vacancy structures of highly defected bismuth oxides are some sites filled with O2 and Bi(III) and Bi (V) sites. 

Bismuth oxide γ-phase also shows a cubic structure, but it is highly unstable and hard to synthesize without supporting it onto other oxides or metallic species. 
The other two polymorphic metastable bismuth oxide phases are known as the ω phase, stable at temperatures higher than 800 °C and the ε phase, isolated in 2006 by Cornei and co-workers.

PREPARATION OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
The trioxide can be prepared by ignition of bismuth hydroxide.
Bizmuth Oxide can be also obtained by heating bismuth subcarbonate at approximately 400 °C.

REACTIONS OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide or CO2 dissolved in water readily reacts with Bi2O3 to generate bismuth subcarbonate.
Bizmuth Oxide is considered a basic oxide, which explains the high reactivity with CO2. 
However, when acidic cations such as Si(IV) are introduced within the structure of the Bizmuth Oxide, the reaction with CO2 do not occur.

Bizmuth Oxide reacts with a mixture of concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide and bromine or aqueous potassium hydroxide and bromine to form sodium bismuthate or potassium bismuthate, respectively.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is a yellow monoclinic crystal or powder; density 8.90 g/cm3; melts at 817°C; vaporizes at 1,890°C; insoluble in water; soluble in acids.

OCCURRENCE OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide occurs in nature as mineral bismite. 
The oxide is used in fireproofing of papers and polymers; in enameling cast iron ceramic; and in disinfectants.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is the compound produced by heating the metal, or its carbonate, in air. 
Bizmuth Oxide is definitely a basic oxide, dissolving readily in acid solutions, and unlike the arsenic or antimony compounds, not amphiprotic in solution, although it forms stoichiometric addition compounds on heating with oxides of a number of other metals. 

Bizmuth Oxide exists in three modifications, white rhombohedral, yellow rhombohedral, and gray-black cubical. 
Bismuth(II) oxide, BiO, has been produced by heating the basic oxalate.

PREPARTAION OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide is commercially made from bismuth subnitrate. 
The latter is produced by dissolving bismuth in hot nitric acid. 
Addition of excess sodium hydroxide followed by continuous heating of the mixture precipitates bismuth trioxide as a heavy yellow powder. 
Also, the trioxide can be prepared by ignition of bismuth hydroxide.

STRUCTURE OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
The structures adopted by Bizmuth Oxide differ substantially from those of arsenic(III) oxide, As2O3, and antimony(III) oxide, Sb2O3 crystallographic polymorphs. 
The room temperature phase, α-Bi2O3 has a monoclinic crystal structure. 

There are three high temperature phases, a tetragonal β-phase, a body-centred cubic γ-phase, a cubic δ-Bi2O3 phase and an ε-phase. 
The room temperature α-phase has a complex structure with layers of oxygen atoms with layers of bismuth atoms between them. 

The bismuth atoms are in two different environments which can be described as distorted 6 and 5 coordinate respectively.
β-Bi2O3 has a structure related to fluorite.

γ-Bi2O3 has a structure related to that of sillenite (Bi12SiO20), but in which a small fraction of the bismuth atoms occupy positions occupied by silicon atoms in sillenite, so the formula may be written as Bi12Bi0.8O19.2. 

The crystals are chiral (space group I23, or no. 197) with two Bi12Bi0.8O19.2 formulas per unit cell.
δ-Bi2O3 has a defective fluorite-type crystal structure in which two of the eight oxygen sites in the unit cell are vacant.
ε-Bi2O3 has a structure related to the α- and β- phases but as the structure is fully ordered it is an ionic insulator. 

It can be prepared by hydrothermal means and transforms to the α- phase at 400 °C.
The monoclinic α-phase transforms to the cubic δ-Bi2O3 when heated above 729 °C, which remains the structure until the melting point, 824 °C, is reached. 

The behaviour of Bi2O3 on cooling from the δ-phase is more complex, with the possible formation of two intermediate metastable phases; the tetragonal β-phase or the body-centred cubic γ-phase. 
The γ-phase can exist at room temperature with very slow cooling rates, but α-Bi2O3 always forms on cooling the β-phase. 

Even though when formed by heat, it reverts to α-Bi2O3 when the temperature drops back below 727 °C, δ-Bi2O3 can be formed directly through electrodeposition and remain relatively stable at room temperature, in an electrolyte of bismuth compounds that is also rich in sodium or potassium hydroxide so as to have a pH near 14.

CONDUCTIVITY OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
The α-phase exhibits p-type electronic conductivity (the charge is carried by positive holes) at room temperature which transforms to n-type conductivity (charge is carried by electrons) between 550 °C and 650 °C, depending on the oxygen partial pressure. 
The conductivity in the β, γ and δ-phases is predominantly ionic with oxide ions being the main charge carrier. 

Of these δ-Bi2O3 has the highest reported conductivity. 
At 750 °C the conductivity of δ-Bi2O3 is typically about 1 S cm−1, about three orders of magnitude greater than the intermediate phases and four orders greater than the monoclinic phase. 

δ-Bi2O3 has a defective fluorite-type crystal structure in which two of the eight oxygen sites in the unit cell are vacant. 
These intrinsic vacancies are highly mobile due to the high polarisability of the cation sub-lattice with the 6s2 lone pair electrons of Bi3+. 
The Bi–O bonds have covalent bond character and are therefore weaker than purely ionic bonds, so the oxygen ions can jump into vacancies more freely.

The arrangement of oxygen atoms within the unit cell of δ-Bi2O3 has been the subject of much debate in the past. 
Three different models have been proposed. 

Sillén (1937) used powder X-ray diffraction on quenched samples and reported the structure of Bi2O3 was a simple cubic phase with oxygen vacancies ordered along <111>, the cube body diagonal.
Gattow and Schroder (1962) rejected this model, preferring to describe each oxygen site (8c site) in the unit cell as having 75% occupancy. 

In other words, the six oxygen atoms are randomly distributed over the eight possible oxygen sites in the unit cell. 
Currently, most experts seem to favour the latter description as a completely disordered oxygen sub-lattice accounts for the high conductivity in a better way.

Willis (1965) used neutron diffraction to study the fluorite (CaF2) system. 
He determined that it could not be described by the ideal fluorite crystal structure, rather, the fluorine atoms were displaced from regular 8c positions towards the centres of the interstitial positions. 

ADVANTAGES OF BIZMUTH OXIDE:
● Available 99.99% purity with various particle size range like D50 1-5μm, D50 5-10μm, D50 10-20μm, and D50>30μm.
● Low content of heavy metals like Cu, Pb, As, Sb, Cd, Ni, Cr.
● Full set of test reports of PSD, SEM, COA for every batch.
● Strict quality control for procedures of raw material, process control and pre-delivery.

AS A MATERIAL FOR FUEL CELL ELECTROLYTES, BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Bizmuth Oxide has seen interest as a material for solid oxide fuel cells or SOFCs since it is an ionic conductor, i.e. oxygen atoms readily move through it. 
Pure Bizmuth Oxide, Bi2O3 has four crystallographic polymorphs. 

Bizmuth Oxide has a monoclinic crystal structure, designated α- Bi2O3, at room temperature. 
This transforms to the cubic fluorite-type crystal structure, δ-Bi2O3, when heated above 727°C, which remains the structure until the melting point, 824°C, is reached. 

The behaviour of Bizmuth Oxide on cooling from the δ-phase is more complex, with the possible formation of two intermediate metastable phases; the tetragonal β-phase or the body centred cubic γ-phase. 
The γ-phase can exist at room temperature with very slow cooling rates, but α- Bi2O3 always forms on cooling the β-phase.

δ- Bi2O3 has the highest reported conductivity. 
At 750°C the conductivity of δ- Bi2O3 is typically about 1 Scm-1, about three orders of magnitude greater than the intermediate phases and four orders greater than the monoclinic phase. 

The conductivity in the β, γ and δ-phases is predominantly ionic with oxide ions being the main charge carrier. 
The α-phase exhibits p-type electronic conductivity (the charge is carried by positive holes) at room temperature which transforms to n-type conductivity (charge is carried by electrons) between 550°C and 650°C, depending on the oxygen partial pressure. 

It is therefore unsuitable for electrolyte applications. 
δ- Bi2O3 has a defective fluorite-type crystal structure in which two of the eight oxygen sites in the unit cell are vacant. 
These intrinsic vacancies are highly mobile due to the high polarisability of the cation sub-lattice with the 6s2 lone pair electrons of Bi3+. 

The Bi-O bonds have covalent bond character and are therefore weaker than purely ionic bonds, so the oxygen ions can jump into vacancies more freely.
In addition to electrical properties, thermal expansion properties are very important when considering possible applications for solid electrolytes. 

High thermal expansion coefficients represent large dimensional variations under heating and cooling which would limit the performance of an electrolyte. 
The transition from the high-temperature δ- Bi2O3 to the intermediate β- Bi2O3 is accompanied by a large volume change and consequently, a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the material. 

This, combined with the very narrow stability range of the δ-phase (727-824oC), has led to studies on its stabilization to room temperature.
Bizmuth Oxide easily forms solid solutions with many other metal oxides. 

These doped systems exhibit a complex array of structures and properties dependent on the type of dopant, the dopant concentration and the thermal history of the sample. 
The most widely studied systems are those involving rare earth metal oxides, Ln2O3, including yttria, Y2O3. 

Rare earth metal cations are generally very stable, have similar chemical properties to one another and are similar in size to Bi3+, which has a radius of 1.03 Å, making them all excellent dopants. 

Furthermore, their ionic radii decrease fairly uniformly from La3+ (1.032 Å), through Nd3+, (0.983 Å), Gd3+, (0.938 Å), Dy3+, (0.912 Å) and Er3+, (0.89 Å), to Lu3+, (0.861 Å) (known as the ‘lanthanide contraction’), making them useful to study the effect of dopant size on the stability of the Bi2O3 phases.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
Molecular Weight: 465.959 g/mol,
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0,
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3,
Rotatable Bond Count: 0,
Exact Mass: 465.94554 g/mol,
Monoisotopic Mass: 465.94554 g/mol,
Topological Polar Surface Area: 43.4 Ų,
Heavy Atom Count: 5,
Formal Charge: 0,
Complexity: 34.2,
Isotope Atom Count: 0,
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0,
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0,
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0,
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0,

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1,
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes,
Chemical Formula: Bi2O3,
Molar Mass: 465.958 g·mol−1,
Appearance: Yellow crystals or powder,
Odor: Odorless,
Density: 8.90 g/cm³, solid,
Melting Point: 817 °C (1,503 °F; 1,090 K),
Boiling Point: 1,890 °C (3,430 °F; 2,160 K),
Solubility in Water: Insoluble,
Solubility: Soluble in acids,
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -83.0·10−6 cm³/mol,

Structure:
Crystal Structure: Monoclinic, mP20,
Space Group: P21/c (No 14),
Coordination Geometry: Pseudo-octahedral,
Compound Formula: Bi2O3,
Molecular Weight: 465.96,
Appearance: Yellow Powder,
Melting Point: 817 °C (1,503 °F),
Boiling Point: 1,890 °C (3,434 °F),
Density: 8.9 g/cm³,
Solubility in H2O: N/A,

Exact Mass: 465.945 g/mol,
Monoisotopic Mass: 465.945544 Da,
Linear Formula: Bi2O3,
MDL Number: MFCD00003462,
EC No.: 215-134-7,
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A,
PubChem CID: 14776,
IUPAC Name: Oxo(oxobismuthanyloxy)bismuthane,
SMILES: O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O,
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/2Bi.3O,
InChI Key: WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N,

Melting Point: 825 °C,
Boiling Point: 1,890 °C,
Density: 8.9,
Flash Point: 1,890 °C,
Storage Temp.: Store at +5 °C to +30 °C,
Solubility: 0.006 g/l, practically insoluble,
Form: Powder,
Color: Yellow,
Specific Gravity: 8.9,
Odor: Odorless,
Water Solubility: Insoluble,
Merck: 14,1273,
Crystal System: Monoclinic,
Space Group: P21/c,
Stability: Stable,
InChIKey: KOCGCHBRHPOCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N,

CAS DataBase Reference: 1304-76-3 (CAS DataBase Reference),
FDA UNII: A6I4E79QF1,
NIST Chemistry Reference: Bismuth(III) oxide (1304-76-3)
CAS Number: 1304-76-3,
Assay (purity): 99.999%,
Purity Method: By elemental analysis,
Molecular Weight: 465.96,
Form: Solid,
Appearance: Yellow powder,
Melting Point: 825 °C,
Boiling Point: 1890 °C,
Molecular Formula: Bi2O3,

Linear Formula: Bi2O3,
Compound Formula: Bi2O3,
Molecular Weight: 465.96,
Appearance: Yellow Powder,
Melting Point: 817 °C (1,503 °F),
Boiling Point: 1890 °C (3,434 °F),
Density: 8.9 g/cm³,
Solubility in H2O: N/A,
Exact Mass: 465.945 g/mol,
Monoisotopic Mass: 465.945544 Da,
MDL Number: MFCD00003462,

EC No.: 215-134-7,
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A,
PubChem CID: 14776,
IUPAC Name: Oxo(oxobismuthanyloxy)bismuthane,
SMILES: O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O,
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/2Bi.3O,
InChI Key: WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N,
CAS: 1304-76-3, 12640-40-3,
EINECS: 235-736-3,
InChI: InChI=1/4Bi.6O/rBi4O6/c5-1-6-3-8-2(5)9-4(7-1)10-3,

Molecular Formula: Bi2O3,
Melting Point: 825 °C,
Boiling Point: 1890 °C,
Water Solubility: Insoluble,
Solubility: Soluble in hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, insoluble in water,
Appearance: Yellow crystal,
Storage Condition: Room temperature,
Sensitive: Easily absorbing moisture,
MDL: MFCD00003462

FIRST AID MEASURES of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BIZMUTH OXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available