ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

CAS NO: 67-63-0

SYNONYM:

İsopropanol; 2-Propanol; Isopropyl alcohol; Propan-2-ol; 67-63-0; 2-Hydroxypropane; sec-Propyl alcohol; Alkolave; AvantineHartosol; Dimethylcarbinol; i-Propanol; Petrohol; Takineocol; Alcojel; Avantin; 1-Methylethanol; 2-Propyl alcohol; Alcolo; Isohol; Lavacol; Lutosol; Propol; Alcosolve 2; 1-Methylethyl alcohol; Imsol A; Arquad DMCB; Alcosolve; Spectrar; i-Propylalkohol; n-Propan-2-ol; Combi-schutz; i-Propyl alcohol; ISO-PROPANOL; Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing; Iso-propylalkohol; Alcool isopropilico; Iso-propyl alcohol; Visco 1152; Alcool isopropylique; Sterisol hand disinfectant; i-Propanol ; sec-Propanol; iPrOH; i-Propylalkohol; Iso-propylalkohol; Alcool isopropilico; Alcool isopropylique ; Caswell No. 507; FEMA No. 2929; isopropylalcohol; FEMA Number 2929; iso-propylalcohol; propanol-2; MFCD00011674; CCRIS 2308; HSDB 116; UNII-ND2M416302; Isopropyl alcohol; EINECS 200-661-7; UN1219; NSC 135801; BRN 0635639; AI3-01636; CHEBI:17824; ND2M416302; NSC-135801; 2-Propanol, anhydrous; NCGC00090917-01; Rubbing alcohol; DSSTox_CID_762; Isopropyl alcohol 

Volatile, colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. Flash point of 53°F. Vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Density approximately 6.5 lb / gal. Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, soaps, window cleaners. Sold in 70% aqueous solution as rubbing alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol is a colorless, flammable liquid known by a variety of other names. For example, in the laboratory it could be simply labeled by isopropanol, isopro, iso, isopropyl or the abbreviation IPA. It is also sometimes called 2-propanol, possibly an inorganic compound called propanol to which it is an isomer known as propanol. Of course, isopropyl alcohol is most commonly known as simple spirit. Isopropyl alcohol, also known as isopropanol; clear, liquid odor of ethanol and acetone; It is a flammable alcohol. It forms a solution with water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and benzene in its ratio, can be exposed to all literatures of secondary alcohols, reacts strongly with strong oxidizing agents. Isopropyl alcohol, which is used as a solvent in various applications, is unlike alcohol in terms of solvent properties and evaporation rate. In case of burning, it decomposes and produces carbon monoxide. Isopropanol is also known as isopropyl alcohol. It is the simplest secondary alcohol and is one of the isomers of n-propanol. It is a kind of flammable liquid which is colorless with strong smell being similar to the smell of the mixture of ethanol and acetone. It is soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform and most organic solvents and is miscible with water, alcohol, ether and can form azeotrope with water. Density (specific gravity): 0.7863g/cm3, melting point:-88.5 ℃, boiling point: 82.5 ℃, flash point: 11.7 ℃, ignition point: 460 ℃, refractive index: 1.3772. Its vapor can cause slight irritation on the eyes, nose and throat; it can be absorbed through the skin. Its vapor can form explosive mixture with air. Its explosion limit is 2.0% to 12% (by volume). It belongs to a moderate explosive hazardous material and flammable, low toxic substance. The toxicity of its vapors is twice as high as ethanol while oral administration causes the opposite toxicity.

High latent solvent power for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose acetate propyanate, moderate evaporation rate and many other solvents appeared in solution solution, useful in ink and thinners. The use of monoisoprolamine certified isopropyl alcohol for herbicides is the fastest segment in use, and the use as coating and ink solvent remains the same or slightly increases. As a solvent; extraction and purification of natural products such as vegetable and animal oils, gum resins, waxes, coloring agents, flavors, alkaloids, vitamins and alginates; as a carrier in the production of foodstuffs; in the purification, crystallization and precipitation of organic chemicals; It finds application in synthetic polymers such as phenolic varnishes and nitrocellulose lacquers.Also as a solvent; It participates in the formulations of cosmetics, hair tonics, perfumes, skin lotions, hair coloring rinses, skin cleaners, deodorants, nail polish, shampoo, hair sprays, air freshenersAs coating and paint solvent; It finds applications in cement, primer, paint and ink production, and acts as a cleaning and drying agent in liquid soap and detergent. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA); It is also used in the production of acetone and its derivatives and other chemicals such as isopropyl acetate, isopropylamine, diisopropyl ether, isopropyl xanthate, fatty acid esters, herbicidal esters and aluminum isopropoxide. Other Area of Usage; It can be counted as a cooling agent in beer production, as a dehydrating agent in the production of polyvinyl fluoride, as a polymerization modifier and as a flavoring agent in household tobacco and personal care products. In many cases, isopropanol can substitute ethanol as the solvent and is a good solvent and chemical raw materials which can be applied to not only painting, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, cosmetics and other industries, but also the production of acetone, isopropyl ester, isopropylamine (the raw material for production of atrazine), di-isopropyl ether, isopropyl acetate and thymol crystal etc. It was the first product which is made from the petroleum raw material in the history of the development of petrochemicals.

In 1855, Frenchman M. Berthelot first reported the production of isopropanol through the hydration reaction between propylene and sulfuric acid, called indirect hydration. In 1919, the Americans C. Ellis had conducted industrial development on this. At the end of 1920, the American Standard Oil Company of New Jersey adopted the approach of Ellis Act and established the production equipment for putting into formal production. In 1951, the British company Imperial Chemical Industries began to produce isopropanol with the direct hydration method from propylene. Since then, many countries have used this method and made related improvements.
Indirect hydration reaction: propylene is first reacted with sulfuric acid to obtain isopropyl hydrogen sulfate, which generates isopropanol after hydrolysis, and the reaction of the formula: CH3CH = CH2 + H2SO4 → (CH3) 2CHOSO3H
(CH3) 2CHOSO3H + H2O─ → (CH3) 2CHOH + H2SO4 the concentration of the applied sulfuric acid is generally greater than 60% (by mass), and the reaction is conducted at 2~2.8MPa and 60~65 ° C; The hydrolysis reaction happens at slight increased pressure and at below 30 ° C. Direct hydration: propylene directly has hydration reaction with water in the presence of a catalyst upon heating and increased pressure to generate isopropanol with a selectivity of 96%. Reaction is: CH3CH = CH2 + H2O → (CH3) 2CHOH; the used catalyst includes tungsten compound, phosphate and ion exchange resin; the commonly used catalyst is phosphoric acid catalyst with carrier (see solid acid catalyst) with conditions of 2~6MPa, 240~260 ° C. Compared with the indirect method, this method does not have issue regarding to sulfuric acid corrosion and dilute acid concentration and therefore, it dominant in industrial production.

Isopropyl alcohol is an important chemical products and raw materials. It is mainly applied to various fields including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, plastics, fragrances, paint as well as being used as the dehydrating agent and cleaning agent in and electronics industry. It can also be used as the reagent for determination of barium, calcium, magnesium, nickel, potassium, sodium and strontium. It can also be used as the reference material of chromatographic analysis. In the manufacturing industry of circuit board, it is used as a cleaning agent, and the production of PCB holes for conductivity. Many people find that it can not only clean the motherboard with excellent performance, but also get the best results. In addition, it is used for other electronic devices, including cleaning disc cartridge, floppy disk drives, magnetic tape, and the laser tip of the disc driver of CD or DVD player. Isopropyl alcohol can also be used as the solvent of oil and gel as well as for the manufacture of fishmeal feed concentrate.

Low-quality isopropanol can also be used in automotive fuels. As the raw material of production of acetone, the usage amount of isopropanol is reducing. There are several compounds which are synthesized from isopropanol, such as isopropyl ester, methyl isobutyl ketone, di-isopropylamine, di-isopropyl ether, isopropyl acetate, thymol and many kinds of esters. We can supply isopropanol of different quality depending on the end use it. The conventional quality of anhydrous isopropanol is more than 99%, while the special grade isopropanol content is higher than 99.8% (for flavors and drugs). Isopropyl alcohol is a clear, colorless, mobile, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic, spirituous odor resembling that of a mixture of ethanol and acetone; it has a slightly bitter taste.It is miscible with water, ethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acetaldehyde, chlorine, ethylene oxide, acids, and isocyanates.

Reported found in apple and cognac aromas (esterified). Also found in apple, banana, grapefruit and lime juice, melon, papaya, pear, onion, peas, rutabaga, tomato, wheat bread, cheeses, milk, boiled egg, cooked beef, pork and mutton, hop oil beer, rum, cocoa, coffee, scotch whiskey, grape wines, peanut, pecan, soybean, honey, beans, plum brandy, walnut, crab, clam, prickly pear and clary sage.
Isopropyl alcohol is used in the production of acetone, isopropyl halides, glycerin, and aluminum isopropoxide; employed widely as an industrial solvent for paints, polishes, and insecticides; as an antiseptic (rubbing alcohol); and in organic synthesis for introducing the isopropyl or isopropoxy group into the molecule. Being a common laboratory solvent like methanol, the exposure risks are always high; however, its toxicity is comparatively low. isopropyl alcohol is a carrier, anti-bacterial, and solvent for skin care lotions. Isopropyl alcohol is made from propylene, a petroleum derivative. In antifreeze compositions; as solvent for gums, shellac, essential oils; in the extraction of alkaloids; in quick-drying oils; in quick-drying inks; in denaturing ethyl alcohol; in body rubs; hand lotions, after-shave lotions and similar cosmetics. Solvent for creosote, resins, gums; in manufacture of acetone, glycerol, isopropyl acetate. Pharmaceutic aid (solvent). Two basic methods of production are in commercial use: (1) absorption of propylene in sulfuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulfate, followed by the hydrolysis of the ester; and (2) by direct hydration with water, using a catalyst. An inherent disadvantage in the first process is the need to handle sulfuric acid. Further, the first process yields little more than 70% isopropanol as compared with the second process, in which liquid propylene is used as the charge stock. All direct-hydration processes can be represented by: C3H6 + H2O → C3H7OH + heat.

Isopropanol reacts with air or oxygen to form dangerously unstable peroxides. Contact with 2-butanone increases the rate of peroxide formation. An explosive reaction occurs when Isopropanol is heated with (aluminum isopropoxide + crotonaldehyde). Forms explosive mixtures with trinitromethane and hydrogen peroxide. Reacts with barium perchlorate to form a highly explosive compound. Ignites on contact with dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate, chromium trioxide and potassium-tert-butoxide. Vigorous reactions occur with (hydrogen + palladium), nitroform, oleum, COCl2, aluminum triisopropoxide and oxidizing agents. Reacts explosively with phosgene in the presence of iron salts. Incompatible with acids, acid anhydrides, halogens and aluminum . Isopropanol can react with PCl3, forming toxic HCl gas. Exposures to isopropyl alcohol cause irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes. Exposures to isopropyl alcohol for 3–5 min (400 ppm) caused mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and at 800 ppm these symptoms became severe. Ingestion or an oral dose of 25 mL in 100 mL of water produced hypotension, facial fl ushing, bradycardia, and dizziness. Ingestion in large quantities caused extensive hemorrhagic tracheobronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. Prolonged skin contact with isopropyl alcohol caused eczema and sensitivity. Delayed dermal absorption is attributed to a number of pediatric poisonings that have occurred following repeated or prolonged sponge bathing with isopropyl alcohol to reduce fever. In several cases, symptoms included respiratory distress, stupor, and coma.

Laboratory animals exposed to isopropyl alcohol develop poisoning with symptoms of hind leg paralysis, unsteadiness, lack of muscular coordination, respiratory depression, and stupor. Isopropyl alcohol is a potent CNS depressant, and in large doses causes cardiovascular depression. Isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) is used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations, primarily as a solvent in topical formulations.( It is not recommended for oral use owing to its toxicity. Although it is used in lotions, the marked degreasing properties of isopropyl alcohol may limit its usefulness in preparations used repeatedly. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as a solvent both for tablet film-coating and for tablet granulation, where the isopropyl alcohol is subsequently removed by evaporation. It has also been shown to significantly increase the skin permeability of nimesulide from carbomer 934. Isopropyl alcohol has some antimicrobial activity and a 70% v/v aqueous solution is used as a topical disinfectant. Therapeutically, isopropyl alcohol has been investigated for the treatment of postoperative nausea or vomiting.

Isopropyl alcohol is widely used in cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and may be slowly absorbed through intact skin. Prolonged direct exposure of isopropyl alcohol to the skin may result in cardiac and neurological deficits. In neonates, isopropyl alcohol has been reported to cause chemical burns following topical application.
Isopropyl alcohol is metabolized more slowly than ethanol, primarily to acetone. Metabolites and unchanged isopropyl alcohol are mainly excreted in the urine. Isopropyl alcohol is about twice as toxic as ethanol and should therefore not be administered orally; isopropyl alcohol also has an unpleasant taste. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol toxicity are similar to those for ethanol except that isopropyl alcohol has no initial euphoric action, and gastritis and vomiting are more prominent; see Alcohol. Delta osmolality may be useful as rapid screen test to identify patients at risk of complications from ingestion of isopropyl alcohol. The lethal oral dose is estimated to be about 120–250mL although toxic symptoms may be produced by 20 mL.

Adverse effects following parenteral administration of up to 20mL of isopropyl alcohol diluted with water have included only a sensation of heat and a slight lowering of blood pressure. However, isopropyl alcohol is not commonly used in parenteral products.
Although inhalation can cause irritation and coma, the inhalation of isopropyl alcohol has been investigated in therapeutic applications.
Isopropyl alcohol is most frequently used in topical pharmaceutical formulations where it may act as a local irritant. When applied to the eye it can cause corneal burns and eye damage. Isopropyl alcohol should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers with a proper label. Outside or detached storage is preferable. Inside storage should be a flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Workers should not store isopropyl alcohol above 37°C (100°F). Containers of isopropyl alcohol should be protected from physical damage and contact with air, and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, acetaldehyde, chlorine, ethylene oxide, acids, and isocyanates. Isopropyl alcohol should be transported to the nearest laboratory as quickly as possible in cool containers. Isopropyl alcohol is prepared commercially by dissolution of propene in H2SO4, followed by hydrolysis of the sulfate ester. Major impurities are water, lower alcohols and oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones. Purification of isopropanol follows substantially the same procedure as for n-propyl alcohol. Isopropanol forms a constant-boiling mixture, b 80.3o, with water. Most of the water can be removed from this 91% isopropanol by refluxing with CaO (200g/L) for several hours, then distilling.

The distillate can be dried further with CaH2, magnesium ribbon, BaO, CaSO4, calcium, anhydrous CuSO4 or Linde type 5A molecular sieves. Distillation from sulfanilic acid removes ammonia and other basic impurities. Peroxides [indicated by liberation of iodine from weakly acid (HCl) solutions of 2% KI] can be removed by refluxing with solid stannous chloride or with NaBH4 then the alcohol is fractionally distilled. To obtain isopropanol containing only 0.002M of water, sodium (8g/L) is dissolved in material dried by distillation from CaSO4. Isopropyl benzoate (35mL) is then added and, after refluxing for 3hours, the alcohol is distilled through a 50-cm Vigreux column (p 11). [Hine & Tanabe J Am Chem Soc 80 3002 1958.] Other purification steps for isopropanol include refluxing with solid aluminium isopropoxide, refluxing with NaBH4 for 24hours, and removing acetone by treatment with, and distillation from, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Peroxides re-form in isopropanol if it is kept for several days in contact with air. Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol; also called isopropyl, isopropanol, or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula CH3CHOHCH3) with a strong odor.[8] As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol and ethyl methyl ether.

It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in chemicals such as antiseptics, disinfectants, and detergents. Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol; also called isopropyl, isopropanol, or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound (chemical formula CH3CHOHCH3) with a strong odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol and ethyl methyl ether. It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in chemicals such as antiseptics, disinfectants, and detergents. Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer. Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37 °C (176.67 °F) and a composition of 87.7 wt% (91 vol%) isopropyl alcohol. Water–isopropyl alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points. It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink.

Isopropyl alcohol becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at −89 °C (−128 °F). Isopropyl alcohol has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum. Isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst: (CH3)2CHOH → (CH3)2CO + H2 Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid. Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that can be called isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium isopropoxide. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It also evaporates quickly, leaves nearly zero oil traces, compared to ethanol, and is relatively non-toxic, compared to alternative solvents. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving oils. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents, about 6.4 million tonnes of which were used worldwide in 2011.

Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages, etc. Isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma. Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone. Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols.

Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver, and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours. Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected. In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis usually have blood concentrations of isopropyl alcohol of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal isopropyl alcohol ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.