PRODUCTS

PALMITIC ACID

PALMITIC ACID
CAS NO:57-10-3
EC NO:200-312-9

Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiological pH (7.4).
Palmitic acid, also known as C16 or hexadecanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Palmitic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Palmitic acid is a potentially toxic compound.

SYNONYMS:
palmitic acid; Hexadecanoic acid; 57-10-3; Cetylic acid; palmitate; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Hexadecylic acid; Hydrofol; n-Hexadecoic acid; 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; Palmitinic acid; Pentadecanecarboxylic acid; C16 fatty acid; hexaectylic acid; 1-Hexyldecanoic Acid; Industrene 4516; Emersol 140; Emersol 143; Hystrene 8016; Hystrene 9016; hexadecoic acid; Palmitic acid, pure; Palmitinsaeure; Palmitic acid 95%; Palmitic acid (natural); Fatty acids, C14-18; Prifac 2960; FEMA No. 2832; Pristerene 4934; Edenor C16; Kortacid 1698; Lunac P 95KC; C16:0; Loxiol EP 278; Lunac P 95; Lunac P 98; Hydrofol Acid 1690; HSDB 5001; AI3-01594; C16H32O2; NSC 5030; MFCD00002747UNII-2V16EO95H1; Palmitic acid (NF); Glycon P-45; CHEBI:15756; NSC5030; Hexadecanoic acid (9CI); Palmitic acid (7CI,8CI); CHEMBL82293; 67701-02-4,; CH3-[CH2]14-COOH; 2V16EO95H1; n-hexadecoate; LMFA01010001; PA900; FA1695; 1-hexyldecanoate; Palmiticacid,98%; NCGC00164358- 01;DSSTox_CID_1602;pentadecanecarboxylate;DSSTox_RID_76229;DSSTox_GSID_21602;PLM;palmitic-acid;palmicacid; Hexadecanoate(n-C16:0); CAS-57-10-3; CCRIS5443; SR-01000944716; EINECS200-312-9; Palmiticacid[USAN:NF]; BRN0607489; palmitoate; Hexadecoate; Palmitinate; palmitoic acid; Aethalic acid; Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid; (C14-C18)Alkylcarboxylic acid; 2hmb; 2hnx; (C14-C18) Alkylcarboxylic acid; Fatty acid pathway; palmitic acid groupPalmitic acid_jeyamEINECS 266-926-; Palmitic Acid, FCC; Kortacid 1695; Palmitic acid_RaGuSa; Univol U332; Prifrac 2960; Hexadecanoic acid anion; 3v2q; ACMC-1ASQF; SDA 17-005-00; Palmitic acid, >=99%; Epitope ID:141181; EC 200-312-9; SCHEMBL6177; 4-02-00-01157 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); FAT;WLN: QV15
P5585_SIGM; GTPL1055; QSPL 166; DTXSID2021602; 1b56; HMS3649N08; Palmitic acid, analytical standard; Palmitic acid, BioXtra, >=99%; Palmitic acid, Grade II, ~95%; HY-N0830; NSC-5030; Palmitic acid, natural, 98%, FG; ZINC6072466; ANW-13574; BBL011563; BDBM50152850; s3794; SBB017229; STL146733; Palmitic acid, >=95%, FCC, FG;AKOS005720983;Light end (C14-C18) saturated fatty acid fraction from tallow fatty acids;Tox21_112105_1;CCG-267027;CR-0047;DB03796;FA16:0;MCULE-1361949901;Palmitic acid, for synthesis, 98.0%;AK-48351;I728;Palmitic acid, purum, >=98.0% (GC);Hexadecanoic acid 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile;Palmitic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade,98%;Palmiticacid,>=98%palmiticacidbasis(GC);Q209727;SR-01000944716-1;SR-01000944716-2;BA71C79B-C9B1-451A-A5BE-B480B5CC7D0C;F0001-1488;Z955123552;Palmitic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)

PALMITIC ACID
Occurrence and production
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil. This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.
Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% palmitic acid. The cetyl ester of palmitic acid (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.
Palmitic acid forms a large proportion of total dietary SFA intake and can be found in palm oil, meat, and butter. Palmitic acid can also be synthesized endogenously by elongation of C14:0, although this pathway is thought to be less active in the context of Western, high-fat diets (Hellerstein, 1999) and it is by far the largest component of circulating SFAs (Khaw et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2011). Various studies have investigated the association of circulating palmitic acid with CHD, with conflicting results. One of these is the CHS, a community-based prospective study in the United States among men and women aged 65 years and older (Wu et al., 2011). In this population, palmitic acid contributed 25.3% to the total fatty acids measured. The authors reported no association of CHD risk between subjects with levels in the top versus bottom fifth of the distribution of palmitic acid, after adjusting for a range of potential confounding risk factors (Wu et al., 2011). Similarly, no association was found in another US-based study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC; Wang et al., 2003a), and in a Japanese study, Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS; Itakura et al., 2011). A potential detrimental effect was reported in the subjects at high baseline cardiovascular risk enrolled in multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT), although only when levels of palmitic acid were measured in cholesterol esters (CEs; Simon et al., 1995). When measured in PLs, no significant association was observed. However, the minimally adjusted association of CE levels of palmitic acid with CHD, like that of PL levels, was not significant. Instead, the association of palmitic acid CEs only became significant after adjusting for various factors, including smoking, a potential strong confounder, and cholesterol levels, which may be a potential mediating factor rather than confounder. Similar adjustments were not conducted for PL levels of palmitic acid.
Although differences in adjustment levels may account for some of the difference in association between CE and PL levels in this study, mean concentrations of palmitic acid in PLs (27.86%) were more than two times higher than concentrations in CEs (11.8%) (Simon et al., 1995), which is consistent with other studies reporting on fatty acid levels measured in CEs and PLs (Wang et al., 2003a). This highlights the importance of metabolic pathways in determining fatty acid levels in different blood fractions, and this should be considered when comparing results from different studies. The EPIC-Norfolk study reported a strong detrimental association in which each SD increase in PL levels of palmitic acid was associated with a 37% higher risk of CHD (Khaw et al., 2012).
The association of CE levels of palmitic acid was also investigated in Finnish subjects enrolled in European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE), originally a pan-European secondary CAD prevention trial (Erkkila et al., 2003). Among patients with established CAD, the authors reported that the middle tertile of palmitic acid was significantly associated with a lower risk of fatal CHD and nonfatal MI. However, there was no significant trend across tertiles (P=0.06), and as the authors rightfully noted, results from this study among CAD patients taking cardiovascular drugs should not directly be generalized to healthy populations.

You may or may not have seen palmitic acid listed on food ingredient labels. That’s because if coconut oil or palm oil are on the ingredient list, the food may very well have palmitic acid and not label it. This fatty acid is found in animal products and some plant oils.
So, what is palmitic acid and what are its possible health effects?
Palmitic acid is a saturated fat. It’s naturally found in some animal products like meat and dairy, as well as in palm and coconut oils. Because these two oils are frequently used in processed foods, you might be getting palmitic acid in your diet without even realizing it.

Fatty Acids are aliphatic carboxylic acid with varying hydrocarbon lengths at one end of the chain joined to terminal carboxyl (-COOH) group at the other end. The general formula is R-(CH2)n-COOH. Fatty acids are predominantly unbranched and those with even numbers of carbon atoms between 12 and 22 carbons long react with glycerol to form lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Fatty acids all have common names respectively lilk lauric (C12), MyrIstic (C14), palmitic (C16), stearic (C18), oleic (C18, unsaturated), and linoleic (C18, polyunsaturated) acids. The saturated fatty acids have no solid bonds, while oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid has one solid bond (also described as olefinic) and polyunsaturated fatty acids like linolenic acid contain two or more solid bonds. Lauric acid (also called Dodecanoic acid) is the main acid in coconut oil (45 - 50 percent) and palm kernel oil (45 - 55 percent). Nutmeg butter is rich in myristic acid (also called Tetradecanoic acid ) which constitutes 60-75 percent of the fatty-acid content. Palmitic acid(also called Hexadecylic acid ) constitutes between 20 and 30 percent of most animal fats and is also an important constituent of most vegetable fats (35 - 45 percent of palm oil). Stearic acid ( also called Octadecanoic Acid) is nature's most common long-chain fatty acids, derived from animal and vegetable fats. It is widely used as a lubricant and as an additive in industrial preparations. It is used in the manufacture of metallic stearates, pharmaceuticals, soaps, cosmetics, and food packaging. It is also used as a softener, accelerator activator and dispersing agent in rubbers. Oleic acid (systematic chemical name is cis-octadec-9-enoic acid) is the most abundant of the unsaturated fatty acids in nature.

This substance is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Widespread uses by professional workers
This substance is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants and pH regulators and water treatment products.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing
This substance is used in the following products: polymers, pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, inks and toners, lubricants and greases, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials and formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
This substance is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products and lubricants and greases.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Biochemistry
Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for membrane localisation of many proteins.
Applications
Surfactant
Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.
Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.[citation needed]
Foods
Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouth feel" to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.
Military
The aluminium salt is used as a thickening agent of napalm used in military actions.
Schizophrenia
Recently, a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly. The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate.

Consumer Uses
This substance is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, finger paints, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes, air care products and plant protection products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Article service life
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting) and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal). Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints). This substance can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines). This substance can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and paper used for packaging (excluding food packaging).
Widespread uses by professional workers
This substance is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants and pH regulators and water treatment products.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing
This substance is used in the following products: polymers, pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, inks and toners, lubricants and greases, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials and formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
This substance is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, leather treatment products, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products and lubricants and greases.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and as processing aid.
You may or may not have seen palmitic acid listed on food ingredient labels. That’s because if coconut oil or palm oil are on the ingredient list, the food may very well have palmitic acid and not label it. This fatty acid is found in animal products and some plant oils.
So, what is palmitic acid and what are its possible health effects?
Palmitic acid is a saturated fat. It’s naturally found in some animal products like meat and dairy, as well as in palm and coconut oils. Because these two oils are frequently used in processed foods, you might be getting palmitic acid in your diet without even realizing it.
Palmitic acid forms a large proportion of total dietary SFA intake and can be found in palm oil, meat, and butter. Palmitic acid can also be synthesized endogenously by elongation of C14:0, although this pathway is thought to be less active in the context of Western, high-fat diets (Hellerstein, 1999) and it is by far the largest component of circulating SFAs (Khaw et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2011).
Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126 ), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132 ). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid .Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.

Palmitic Acid is a fatty used as a food additive and emollient or surfactant in cosmetics.
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation

Palmitic acid is one of the most prevalent fatty acids occurring in the oils and fats of animals; it also occurs naturally in palm oil. It is generated through the addition of an acetyl group to multiple malonyl groups connected by single bonds between carbons. This structure forms a saturated acid—a major component of solid glycerides.
Palmitic acid (also known as hexadecanoic acid) is a fatty acid that is found naturally in animals and plants and also can be created in laboratory settings. Palmitic acid is widely used in a variety of applications, including personal care products and cosmetics.
One of the main uses of palmitic acid is in soaps because of its ability to help keep skin smooth. Palmitic acid is found in beeswax, which is a popular ingredient in personal care products. In cosmetics, palmitic acid is used in skin make-up to hide blemishes. It is also used in certain surfactants as a cleaning agent.
Palmitic acid, also known as C16 or hexadecanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Palmitic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Palmitic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Palmitic acid (16:0) is a saturated fatty acid present in the diet and synthesized endogenously. Although often considered to have adverse effects on chronic disease in adults, 16:0 is an essential component of membrane, secretory, and transport lipids, with crucial roles in protein palmitoylation and signal molecules.
Palmitic acid has been reported to target proteins to cell membranes. It has been found to promote triglyceride accumulation and also affect cell viability. Triglyceride accumulation in goose hepatocytes shows the ability to induce apoptosis. Mechanistic studies show that Palmitic Acid has also demonstrated the ability to induce opening of Ca2+-dependent pores in plasma membranes of red blood cells which will eventually lead to lysis of the cells. Additional studies suggest that saturated fatty acids can induce the expression of Cox-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness.
A fatty acid is a long chain of hydrocarbon. If there are no unsaturated linkages but only single bonds between carbon atoms them the fatty acid is a saturated type. This is in contrast to an unsaturated fatty acid that contains at least one double carbon-carbon bond.
The palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid. It has sixteen carbon molecules in a chain connected by single bonds. It is the most common form of saturated fatty acid in most living things.
The palmitic acid occurs naturally in vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil and olive oil), fats, and waxes. One of its industrial uses is for making soaps through saponification. The esters and salts of palmitic acid are referred to as palmitate.
One of the main sources of palmitic acid is carbohydrates that are in excess in the body. It may serve as a precursor to longer fatty acids. The palmitoyl residue is one of the common acyl residues of membrane phospholipids. It is also found as a thioester attached to cystein residues on some membrane proteins. The proteins so modified are often transmembrane proteins and the modified residue is on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.

Palmitic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids and one of the most common in body lipids: it accounts for 21 to 30% of human fat tissue (fat). It is found in both animals and plants, mainly from palm oil (hence its name). Palmitic acid is used for many functions in cosmetic products: surfactant (detergent), emulsifier (allows mixing oil and water), opacifying agent or emollient (softens the skin).

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid that occurs in natural fats and oils, tall oil, and most commercial grade stearic acid. Palmitic acid is prepared by treating fats and oils with water at a high pressure and temperature, leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides.
Palmitic acid is mainly usedin the manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, cosmetics, lubricating oils, waterproofing release agents, and in food-grade additives.
Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid, Cetylic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms with anti-tumor activity.
In vitro
Palmitic acid (PA) binds TLR4 via the adaptor protein MD2 and that the TLR4 signal induced by PA stimulates dendritic cells activation and maturation accompanied by a robust IL-1β response. Palmitic acid is a TLR4/MD-2 ligand. It exerts pro-inflammatory activity through TLR4.
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, the principal constituent of refined palm oil, present in the diet and synthesized endogenously. Palmitic acid is able to activate the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. Palmitic acid was also a weak ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Palmitic acid is a ligand of lipid chaperones - the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs).
A white, crystalline, water-insoluble solid, C16H32O2, obtained by hydrolysis from palm oil and natural fats, in which it occurs as the glyceride, and from spermaceti: used in the manufacture of soap.
Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.
Fatty acids have traditionally been described as artery clogging species that is detrimental to overall health. The most prevalent fatty acid is palmitic acid (PA), a sixteen carbon chain fatty acid that is ubiquitous in biological systems. PA is prevalent in most eukaryotic cell membranes and in the mitochondria derived from the Krebs’ cycle utilizing acetyl-coenzyme A as its precursor.
PA is found in a variety of plants with high amounts in coconut oil. Many cosmetics, shampoos, and commercialized beauty products contain PA providing structure and substance to the gel or reagent. This book discusses the occurrence, biochemistry, and health effects of palmitic acid.
Molecular Formula: C16H32O2
Molecular Weight: 256.43
Part B
Storage: Room Temperature
Shelf Life: 60 Months
HSN Code : 29157010
IMDG Identification :Not Regulated for Transport (Non-Haz)
Appearance (Colour) White
Appearance (Form) Crystalline powder
Solubility (Turbidity) 10% solution in Chloroform Clear
Solubility (Colour) 10% solution in Chloroform Colourless
Assay min. 99%
Melting Point 61 - 63°C
Sulphated Ash max. 0.05%
Heavy Metals (Pb) max. 0.001%

Palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms), from the French word “palmitique”, was first purified by Chevreul M.E. in his research on butter and tallow (also known as beef fat) but surely characterized by Frémy E. in 1840 in saponified palm oil, from which its name.
It is a saturated fatty acid (no double bond so in shorthand 16:0) member of the sub-group called long chain fatty acids (LCFA), from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
It is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis in humans and the fatty acid from which longer fatty acids can be produced.

Palmitic acid is the commonest saturated fatty acids in plant and animal lipids, where it occurs as glycerol ester.
In fresh red and white meat, it is present in small quantities, with the highest values in the lamb, rabbit thigh, pork loin, and whole chicken with skin, all close to 2 g/100 g of edible portion.

CH3(CH2)14COOH, a monobasic saturated carboxylic acid; colorless crystals. Melting point, 63.1°C; boiling point, 351.5°C. Palmitic acid is insoluble in water and moderately soluble in alcohol, benzene, and acetone. Along with stearic acid, it is the most widely distributed saturated fatty acid in nature, occurring as an ester of glycerol in nearly all the known natural fats. The average palmitic acid glyceride content in palm oil is 32–40 percent; in butter, 25 percent; in bean oil, 6.5 percent; and in pork fat, 30 percent. Esters of palmitic acid and higher alcohols form waxes; for example, the cetyl ester of palmitic acid is the principal constituent of spermaceti wax, and the myricyl ester is the main component of beeswax. Coenzyme A is involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of palmitic acid.
Palmitic acid is usually isolated by rectification or fractional recrystallization from acid mixtures that are obtained through the saponification of fats. Certain palmitic acid esters are used in the manufacture of detergents and cosmetics. Palmitic acid salts, along with the salts of certain other carboxylic acids, are classified as detergents. In combination with stearic acid, palmitic acid is a constituent of stearin.
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid occurring as combustible white crystals in many natural oils (such as spermaceti and palm oil) and fats. Palmitic acid is most commonly produced from palm oil, although it is found in smaller amounts in other vegetable oils as well as dairy and meat. To produce pure palmitic acid, the oil is boiled to break the fatty acids off of the glycerol and then the different acids are separated out based on their boiling point. Its chemical formula: C16H32O2. It is used in making soaps.
Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4). In skin care products it is commonly used in the form of an alkali salt, where the fatty acid has been reacted with an alkali like sodium hydroxide to produce sodium palmitate.
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid (no double bond so in shorthand 16:0) member of the sub-group called long chain fatty acids (LCFA), from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
It is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis in humans and the fatty acid from which longer fatty acids can be produced.
Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[10] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.
As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat, and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
One of the main functions of palmitic acid alkali salts is that they act as emulsifiers and surfactants, allowing oil based, hydrophobic molecules to interact with water where normally they would repel each other. This works by the fatty acid end of the salt interacting with the oil while the salt end interacts with the water creating an adapter between oil and water. In some products this increases the stability of the product as oil and water would naturally separate without it. In soaps and cleansing oils, the fatty end grabs oil and water-resistant makeup on your skin while the salt end then lets water wash everything off.
Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid is a kind of common saturated fatty acid of a 16-carbon backbone, which is contained in fats and waxes. It naturally exists in palm oil and palm kernel oil, and can also be found in butter, cheese, milk, meat, cocoa butter, soybean oil and sunflower oil. It can be produced by many kinds of plants and organisms. It can be used for the production of soap, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. It is also a food processing aid. It can also be used to produce cetyl alcohol which is useful in the production of detergents and cosmetics. Recently, it has been also used for the manufacture of a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate.
Palmitic Acid is a fatty acid which is a mixture of solid organic acids from fats consisting principally of palmitic acid with varying amounts of stearic acid. it functions as a lubricant, binder, and defoaming agent.

Palmitic acid is one of the skin’s major fatty acids produced by the sebaceous glands. In cosmetic preparations, it is used as a formula texturizer. This acid is naturally occurring in allspice, anise, calamus oil, cascarilla bark, celery seed, coffee, tea, and many animal fats and plant oils. It is obtained from palm oil, Japan wax, or Chinese vegetable tallow.
Palmitic Acid, a 16 carbon saturated fatty acid, has been reported to target proteins to cell membranes. This compound has been found to promote triglyceride accumulation and also affect cell viability. Triglyceride accumulation in goose hepatocytes shows the ability to induce apoptosis. Mechanistic studies show that Palmitic Acid has also demonstrated the ability to induce opening of Ca2+-dependent pores in plasma membranes of red blood cells which will eventually lead to lysis of the cells. Additional studies suggest that saturated fatty acids can induce the expression of Cox-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

A saturated fatty acid. Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid used in hair care, cosmetics, soaps, paint, rubber, food, pharmaceuticals, animal feed and textiles. It is used to prepare sodium palmitate which is a natural additive in organic products. It is involved in the preparation of cetyl alcohol utilized in the preparation of detergents and cosmetics.
Palmitic acid, as the name implies, is a fatty acid present in palm oil. It can also be derived from many other plant and vegetable sources — in fact, it is the most commonly occurring natural fatty acid in the world.
Palmitic acid — also known as hexadecanoic acid — is available in liquid or solid (bead or flake) forms. It has a light odor and a white or pale appearance, and it can last for up two years when stored according to instructions in the product SDS (one year in its liquid form).Acme-Hardesty offers several varieties of palmitic acid for use in different industrial processes. Our main product is minimum 98-percent pure, though a 95-percent and 92-percent version are available, too. FG- and kosher-certified palmitic acids are available for use in food and beverage products
Palmitic acid is inexpensive and easy to produce, making it an excellent choice for many industrial applications. It is used in the production of soaps, detergents and cosmetics as an emulsifier. It is also a texturing agent for foods, a waxy cover for fruits and vegetables, and a source of anionic and nonionic surfactants and esters. Palmitic acid can be further refined or combined with other chemical agents to produce isopropyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol and other additives.

Palmitic acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid, which is found in fats, milk and meat, and is a major component of palm oil and palm kernel oil. It can be used in soaps and cosmemetics manufacturing.
Since palmitic acid is a carboxylic acid, it can be esterified with various organic alcohols. In the production of low-fat milk, retinyl palmitate, which is the esterified form of retinol and palmitate, is added back to replace the vitamin A (retinol) lost along with the fat from milk. In the cosmetics industry, creams containing vitamin A also contain retinyl palmitate. In the pharmaceutical industry, some drugs esterified with palmitate, such as chloramphenicol palmitate, are ineffective, they become active after hydrolysis in the small intestine. Fat deterioration in the food industry Ascorbyl palmitate combines the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid with the oil solubility of palmitate.
Palmitic acid Long chain and very important saturated fatty acid. In nature, it is found in practically all vegetable and animal oils, often together with stearic acid. It is found in 10% in many fish oil, 20% in cotton oil and 40% in palm oil. Like other fatty acids, palmitic acid is not found free in nature. However, like others, it is found in oils esterified with glycerin, which are called glycerides. Palmitic acid is found in oils as glycerine tripalmitate.
It forms phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and acid chloride (C15H31COCl). The most important compound of palmitic acid is the compounds it makes with sodium or potassium. Sodium palmitate (C15H31COONa) is white solid soap, potassium palmitate (C15H31COOK) is brown liquor (liquid) soap. In the soap industry, glycerine esters are often used to produce soap, not palmitic acid or other acids themselves. Palmitic acid, containing sixteen carbon atoms, consists of the biosynthesis of two-carbon acetic acid.
Hexadecanoic acid, in palmitic acid or IUPAC designation, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3 (CH2) 14COOH and C: D 16: 0. As the name suggests, palm oil (palm oil) is an essential component of the oil extracted from its fruit. Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are salts and esters of palmitic acid. Palmitate anion is the form of palmitic acid observed at physiological pH (7.4).
Aluminum salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were gelling agents that were used in conjunction with volatile petrochemicals to produce napalm during World War II. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

Palmitic acid was discovered in saponified palm oil by Edmond Frémy in 1840. By hydrolyzing the triglycerides (oils) in palm oil with high temperature water (above 200 ° C or 390 ° F) and fractionally distilling the resulting mixture to yield the pure product, this remains the primary industrial route for its production.
Palmitic acid is produced naturally by a wide variety of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It occurs naturally in butter, cheese, milk and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contains 44.90% palmitic acid. Cetyl ester of palmitic acid (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.
Excess carbohydrate in the body is converted into palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a result, palmitic acid is an important body component of animals. In humans, an analysis found it to make up 21-30% (molar) of human storage fat and is an important but highly variable lipid component of breast milk. Palmitate negatively feeds acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which is used to attach to the growing acyl chain and thus prevents further palmitate formation. In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for the membrane localization of many proteins.

Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics and industrial mold release agents. In these applications, sodium palmitate, which is usually obtained by saponification of palm oil, is used. For this purpose, palm oil obtained from palm tree (Elaeis guineensis species) is processed with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which produces glycerol and sodium palmitate by causing hydrolysis of ester groups. Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol used in detergent and cosmetics production.
Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat.
Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate.
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation

IDENTIFICATION: Palmitic acid, also known as hexadecenoic acid, is a white to faintly yellowish, glossy crystalline solid. It is basically odorless and has a slight taste. It is not soluble in water. Palmitic acid is a fatty acid which is important in the diets of mammals, birds and invertebrates. It occurs everywhere in nature and is found in many plants and trees. USE: Palmitic acid is an important commercial chemical. It is used to make soaps, lubricating oils, waterproofing materials, food additives and to make other chemicals.
Industry Uses
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Commercial and industrial products.
Curing Activator & Polymer
Finishing agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediates
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Rubber Component
Rubber component
Surface active agents
rubber component
Consumer Uses
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Air care products
Arts, crafts, and hobby materials
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Industrial organic chemicals used in commercial and consumer products.
Laundry and dishwashing products
Non-TSCA use
Personal care products
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Rubber Tires
Used in Fragrances
waste to energy
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Paper manufacturing
Personal Care
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Plastics product manufacturing
Rubber product manufacturing
Transportation equipment manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
recycling
waste to energy
IUPAC NAMES:
Hexadecanoic acid
hexadecanoic acid
hexadecanoic acid

PALMITIC ACID
Palmitic Acid
Palmitic acid
palmitic acid
Palmitic acid
palmitic acid
Other names
Palmitic acid
C16:0 (Lipid numbers)