DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID

Docosahexaenoic acid seems to reduce the pain of menstrual cramps when taken on a regular basis (not just when menstruating).
Docosahexaenoic acid is used for research use only.
Docosahexaenoic acid is used Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

CAS Number: 6217-54-5 
EC Number: 612-950-9
Molecular Formula: C22H32O2
Molecular Weight: 328.488 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
DHA, Cervonic Acid, Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid, 22:6(n-3), Omega-3 Fatty Acid, DHA Omega-3, Hexaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA, Cervonic Acid, Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid, 22:6(n-3), Omega-3 Fatty Acid, DHA Omega-3, Hexaenoic Acid, C22:6 Omega-3, Omega-3 DHA, Cis-Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic Acid, Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Fish Oil DHA, Algal DHA, Marine-Derived DHA, (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic Acid

Docosahexaenoic acid is intended for research and analytical applications. 
Docosahexaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. 
Docosahexaenoic acid can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk. 

Docosahexaenoic acid is ready at low micro molar concentrations. 
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega−3 fatty acid that is an important component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina. 
Docosahexaenoic acid is given the fatty acid notation 22:6(n−3).

Docosahexaenoic acid can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid or obtained directly from maternal milk (breast milk), fatty fish, fish oil, or algae oil.
The consumption of Docosahexaenoic acid (e.g., from fatty fish such as salmon, herring, mackerel and sardines) contributes to numerous physiological benefits, including cognition.

As a component of neuronal membranes, the function of Docosahexaenoic acid is to support neuronal conduction and to allow the optimal functioning of neuronal membrane proteins (such as receptors and enzymes).
Structurally, Docosahexaenoic acid is a carboxylic acid (-oic acid) with a 22-carbon chain (docosa- derives from the Ancient Greek for 22) and six (hexa-) cis double bonds (-en-); with the first double bond located at the third carbon from the omega end.

Its trivial name is cervonic acid (from the Latin word cerebrum for "brain"), Docosahexaenoic acid's systematic name is all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid.
In organisms that do not eat algae containing Docosahexaenoic acid nor animal products containing DHA, DHA is instead produced internally from α-linolenic acid, a shorter omega−3 fatty acid manufactured by plants (and also occurring in animal products as obtained from plants).

Limited amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are possible products of α-linolenic acid metabolism in young women and men.
Docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk is important for the developing infant.
Rates of Docosahexaenoic acid production in women are 15% higher than in men.

Docosahexaenoic acid is a major fatty acid in brain phospholipids and the retina. 
Preliminary research has investigated Docosahexaenoic acid's potential benefit in Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease, and other disorders.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid found in cold-water, fatty fish, such as salmon. 

Docosahexaenoic acid is also found in fish oil supplements, along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). 
Vegetarian sources of Docosahexaenoic acid come from seaweed.
Omega-3 fatty acids are good for your heart, and your body needs Docosahexaenoic acid for a healthy brain. 

Infants need Docosahexaenoic acid, especially during the first 6 months of their lives, so their brains, eyes, and nervous systems can develop as they should. 
Docosahexaenoic acid is found in breast milk and is added to some infant formula.

Our bodies naturally make small amounts of Docosahexaenoic acid, but we must get the amounts we need from food or supplements. 
Most people in the Western world do not get enough omega-3 fatty acids in their diet.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in cold-water fish, including tuna and salmon.

Docosahexaenoic acid is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).
Docosahexaenoic acid has 22 carbons in its chain compared to the 18 carbons of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), its precursor omega-3 fatty acid. 
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is the other important long-chain omega-3. 

Although Docosahexaenoic acid can be formed in the body through the conversion of ALA, the conversion rate is very limited meaning that we must have a source in our diet to obtain appropriate amounts.
Docosahexaenoic acid plays a key role in the development of eye and nerve tissues. 

Docosahexaenoic acid might also reduce the risk of heart and circulatory disease by decreasing the thickness of the blood, reducing swelling (inflammation), and lowering blood levels of triglycerides.
Don't confuse Docosahexaenoic acid with EPA. 

They are both in fish oil, but they are not the same. 
Docosahexaenoic acid can be converted into EPA in the body in very small amounts. 
See separate listings for algal oil, cod liver oil, fish oil, EPA, and krill oil.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid — and it’s one of the most important. 
Docosahexaenoic acid's found in various seafoods and is important for brain growth and function.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids.

Like most omega-3 fats, Docosahexaenoic acid’s linked to many health benefits.
Part of every cell in your body, Docosahexaenoic acid plays a vital role in your brain and is absolutely crucial during pregnancy and infancy.
Since your body can’t produce Docosahexaenoic acid in adequate amounts, you need to obtain it from your diet.

Docosahexaenoic acid is mainly found in seafood, such as fish, shellfish, and fish oils. 
Docosahexaenoic acid also occurs in some types of algae.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a component of every cell in your body and a vital structural component of your skin, eyes, and brain.

In fact, Docosahexaenoic acid comprises over 90% of the omega-3 fatty acids in your brain and up to 25% of its total fat content.
While Docosahexaenoic acid can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), another plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, this process is very inefficient. 
Only 0.1–0.5% of ALA is converted into Docosahexaenoic acid in your body.

What’s more, the conversion also relies on adequate levels of other vitamins and minerals, as well as the amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your diet.
Because your body can’t make Docosahexaenoic acid in significant amounts, you need to get it from your diet or take supplements.
Docosahexaenoic acid is vital for your skin, eyes, and brain. 

Your body can’t produce Docosahexaenoic acid in adequate amounts, so you need to obtain it from your diet.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a endogenous omega-3 fatty acid. 
Docosahexaenoic acid acts as a selective retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist that displays no activity at RAR, thyroid hormone receptor or the vitamin D receptor (VDR). 

Docosahexaenoic acid activates all three RXR isoforms. 
Docosahexaenoic acid also shown to inhibit Aβ1-42 fibrillation and toxicity in vitro.
Docosahexaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that is vital for good brain and eye health, especially for fetus and young children at their development stage. 

Docosahexaenoic acid is located in cell membrane, making up over 90% of the omega-3 fatty acids in our brain and up to 25% of its total fat content.
The body can produce Docosahexaenoic acid but in small amount hence it is important to supplement from food diet. 
Low levels of Docosahexaenoic acid in brain and eyes may disrupt nerve cell signals, therefore resulting in poor eyesight and brain function. 

For pregnant mothers, a deficiency is linked to compromised cognitive function (e.g. information processing, memory, attention, and emotion control).
Common food sources of Docosahexaenoic acid include seafood, such as deep sea fish (e.g. mackerel, salmon), shellfish, fish oils and some types of algae. 
However, some individuals may dislike fish or be allergic to shellfish, thus these foods are not consumed frequently and leads to a lack of Docosahexaenoic acid. 

Together with EPA, Docosahexaenoic acid has anti-inflammatory effect.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega-3 family.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a member of a group of natural compounds known to many as omega-3 fatty acids. 

The omega-3 (or ω-3) designation means that there is a double bond at the third carbon atom from the far end of the hydrocarbon chain. 
All six double bonds in Docosahexaenoic acid have the cis (Z) configuration, in contrast to fatty acids with trans double bonds.
Docosahexaenoic acid exists widely in the human body, particularly in the brain, skin, and retina.

It is therefore not considered to be an “essential” fatty acid, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) or linoleic acid, which the body cannot synthesize. 
Nevertheless, many dieticians recommend consuming external sources of Docosahexaenoic acid such as fish, algae, and dietary supplements. 
Supplementation is especially desirable for vegetarians and vegans.

USES and APPLICATIONS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Menstrual Pain: Docosahexaenoic acid seems to reduce the pain of menstrual cramps when taken on a regular basis (not just when menstruating).
Docosahexaenoic acid is used for research use only.
Lupus: Preliminary studies suggest that fish oil may reduce the fatigue and joint pain associated with lupus.

Docosahexaenoic acid is used Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Depression: Although some studies show that fish oil reduces symptoms of depression, it is not clear whether Docosahexaenoic acid by itself has the same effect. 

People commonly use Docosahexaenoic acid for high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood. 
Docosahexaenoic acid is also used for boosting memory and thinking skills, for helping infant and child development, for certain eye disorders, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.

-Raynaud Syndrome uses of Docosahexaenoic acid:
Several studies show that high doses (12 g) of Docosahexaenoic acid can reduce sensitivity to cold in the fingers and toes of people with Raynaud syndrome. 
Doses this high should be taken only under a doctor's supervision.

-Infant Development uses of Docosahexaenoic acid:
Docosahexaenoic acid plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, as well as visual functioning in infants. 
Breastfed babies with healthy mothers should get enough Docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk.

-Rheumatoid Arthritis uses of Docosahexaenoic acid:
Several small studies found that fish oil may help reduce symptoms and inflammation linked with rheumatoid arthritis. 
However, Docosahexaenoic acid does not stop joint damage from getting worse.

-Heart Disease
Docosahexaenoic acid appears to help improve outcomes for people who already have heart disease. 
Docosahexaenoic acid may also lower the risk of developing heart disease. 

Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil help lower triglycerides (fats in the blood), lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of blood clots, improve the health of arteries, and reduce the amount of arterial plaque, which narrows arteries and causes heart disease. 
The American Heart Association recommends eating fish, particularly fatty fish, at least 2 times per week. 

Fatty fish include salmon, herring, lake trout, sardines and albacore tuna. 
People who already have heart disease may need Docosahexaenoic acid supplements in addition to adding more fish to their diet. 
Ask your doctor if Docosahexaenoic acid supplements are right for you.

12 HEALTH BENEFITS OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, is a type of omega-3 fat that may improve many aspects of your health, from your brain to your heart.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a type of omega-3 fat.
Like the omega-3 fat eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid is plentiful in oily fish, such as salmon and anchovies.

Your body can only make a small amount of Docosahexaenoic acid from other fatty acids, so you need to consume it directly from food or a supplement.
Together, Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA may help reduce inflammation and your risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease. 

On its own, Docosahexaenoic acid supports brain function and eye health.
Here are 12 science-backed health benefits of Docosahexaenoic acid.

1. Reduces Heart Disease Risk
Omega-3 fats are commonly recommended for heart health.
The majority of studies test Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA combined rather than individually.

The few studies that test Docosahexaenoic acid alone suggest that it may be more effective than EPA for improving several markers of heart health.
In one study in 154 obese adults, daily doses of 2,700 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid for 10 weeks increased the omega-3 index — a blood marker of omega-3 levels that’s linked to a reduced risk of sudden heart-related death — by 5.6%.

The same daily dose of EPA increased the omega-3 index of the same participants by only 3.3%.
Docosahexaenoic acid also decreased blood triglycerides more than EPA — 13.3% versus 11.9% — and increased “good” HDL cholesterol by 7.6% compared to a slight decrease for EPA.

Notably, Docosahexaenoic acid tends to increase “bad” LDL cholesterol levels but mainly the number of large, fluffy LDL particles, which — unlike small, dense LDL particles — aren’t linked to increased heart disease risk.

Summary Though
both Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA support heart health, DHA may be more effective at increasing your omega-3 index, decreasing triglycerides and improving your cholesterol profile

2. May Improve ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — characterized by impulsive behaviors and difficulty concentrating — generally starts in childhood but often continues into adulthood.

As the main omega-3 fat in your brain, Docosahexaenoic acid helps increase blood flow during mental tasks. 
Research has shown that children and adults with ADHD commonly have lower blood levels of Docosahexaenoic acid.

In a recent review, seven of nine studies that tested the effects of Docosahexaenoic acid supplements in children with ADHD showed some improvement — such as with regard to attention or behavior.

For example, in a large 16-week study in 362 children, those taking 600 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid daily had an 8% decrease in impulsive behaviors as rated by their parents — which was twice the decrease observed in the placebo group.

In another 16-week study in 40 boys with ADHD, 650 mg each of Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA daily alongside the children’s usual ADHD medication resulted in a 15% decrease in attention problems, compared to a 15% increase in the placebo group.

Summary 
Children and adults with ADHD commonly have lower blood levels of Docosahexaenoic acid, which plays a key role in brain function. 
The majority of studies testing the effects of Docosahexaenoic acid 
supplements in children with ADHD have shown benefits to behavior or attention.

3. Reduces the Risk of Early Preterm Births
Delivering a baby before 34 weeks of pregnancy is considered an early preterm birth and increases the baby’s risk of health problems.

An analysis of two large studies found that women consuming 600–800 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid daily during pregnancy reduced their risk of early preterm birth by more than 40% in the US and 64% in Australia, compared to those taking a placebo.

Therefore, it’s especially important to make sure you’re getting sufficient amounts of Docosahexaenoic acid when you’re pregnant — either through diet, supplements or both.

To achieve these levels, pregnant women are advised to eat 8 ounces (226 grams) of low-mercury, omega-3-rich fish weekly. 
While many women take prenatal vitamins, keep in mind that some products lack Docosahexaenoic acid, so be sure to read the label carefully.

Summary Taking
600–800 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid daily during pregnancy could significantly reduce your risk of early preterm birth. 
Bear in mind that some prenatal vitamins don’t contain Docosahexaenoic acid.

4. Fights Inflammation
Omega-3 fats such as Docosahexaenoic acid have anti-inflammatory effects.
Increasing your Docosahexaenoic acid intake can help balance the excess of inflammatory omega-6 fats that is typical of Western diets rich in soybean and corn oil.

Docosahexaenoic acid’s anti-inflammatory properties may reduce your risk of chronic diseases that are common with age, such as heart and gum disease, and improve autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, which causes joint pain.

For example, in a 10-week study in 38 people with rheumatoid arthritis, 2,100 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid daily decreased the number of swollen joints by 28%, compared to a placebo.

Though previous studies had shown supplements combining DHA and EPA helped improve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, this study was the first to indicate that Docosahexaenoic acid alone could reduce inflammation and ease symptoms.

Summary Increasing
Docosahexaenoic acid intake may help reduce inflammation and balance the excess of inflammatory
omega-6 fats typical in Western diets. 
Therefore, Docosahexaenoic acid may help counteract symptoms of conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease.

5. Supports Muscle Recovery After Exercise
Strenuous exercise can trigger muscle inflammation and soreness. Docosahexaenoic acid — alone or in combination with EPA — may help reduce muscle soreness and limitations in range of motion after exercise, partly due to its anti-inflammatory effects.

In one study, 27 women taking 3,000 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid daily for a week had 23% less muscle soreness after doing bicep curls than the placebo group.
Similarly, when 24 men supplemented with 260 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid and 600 mg of EPA daily for eight weeks, they had no decrease in their range of motion after an elbow-strengthening exercise, whereas men in the placebo group saw an 18% decrease.

6. Helps Some Eye Conditions
It’s uncertain whether Docosahexaenoic acid and other omega-3 fats help age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as once thought, but they may improve dry eyes and diabetic eye disease (retinopathy).

What’s more, two recent studies suggest that Docosahexaenoic acid may decrease contact lens discomfort and glaucoma risk.
In one 12-week study in contact lens wearers, 600 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid and 900 mg of EPA daily improved eye discomfort by 42% — which was similar to improvements noticed with corticosteroid eye drops.

Additionally, 500 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid and 1,000 mg of EPA daily for three months decreased eye pressure in healthy people by 8%. 
Elevated eye pressure is a risk factor for glaucoma, a disease that gradually erodes vision.

Summary Docosahexaenoic acid may improve certain eye conditions, including dry eyes and diabetic retinopathy. 
Docosahexaenoic acid may also decrease contact lens discomfort and reduce eye pressure, a risk factor for glaucoma.

7. May Reduce Your Risk of Certain Cancers
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer. 
Higher intake of omega-3 fats such as Docosahexaenoic acid has been linked to a lower risk of several cancers, including colorectal, pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer.

Docosahexaenoic acid may help reduce cancer risk through its anti-inflammatory effects. 
Cell studies also show that Docosahexaenoic acid may inhibit cancer cell growth.

Additionally, a small number of studies suggest that Docosahexaenoic acid may improve chemotherapy benefits. 
However, these tests are experimental, and scientists are working to understand how Docosahexaenoic acid may help.
Studies indicate that Docosahexaenoic acid may improve the effectiveness of anticancer drugs and fight cancer cells, but further research is needed.

Summary Higher
intake of fish oils such as Docosahexaenoic acid has been linked to a lower risk of several cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer. Preliminary studies suggest that Docosahexaenoic acid may improve chemotherapy benefits, but more research is needed.

8. May Help Prevent or Slow Alzheimer’s Disease
Docosahexaenoic acid is the main omega-3 fat in your brain and essential for a functional nervous system, which includes your brain.
Studies have shown that people with Alzheimer’s disease have lower levels of Docosahexaenoic acid in their brains than older adults with good brain function.

Additionally, in a review of 20 observational studies, higher intake of omega-3 fats was linked to a reduced risk of declining mental ability — a characteristic of different types of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease — in all but three studies.
However, in 13 studies that tested the effects of omega-3 supplements in people with dementia, eight showed a benefit for mental ability while five didn’t.

The evidence suggests that Docosahexaenoic acid and other omega-3 supplements may be most beneficial before brain function significantly declines and interferes with daily activities.

Summary Docosahexaenoic acid is important for brain function, and higher omega-3 intake may reduce your risk of types of dementia like Alzheimer’s. 
It’s unclear whether Docosahexaenoic acid can slow Alzheimer’s progression, but success may be more likely if you begin
supplementing early.

9. Lowers Blood Pressure and Supports Circulation
Docosahexaenoic acid supports good blood flow, or circulation, and may improve endothelial function — the ability of your blood vessels to dilate.
A review of 20 studies found that Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA may also help lower blood pressure, though each specific fat may affect different aspects.

Docosahexaenoic acid reduced diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number of a reading) an average of 3.1 mmHg, while EPA reduced systolic blood pressure (the top number of a reading) an average of 3.8 mmHg.

Though elevated systolic blood pressure is a greater risk factor for heart disease than diastolic pressure for people over 50, elevated diastolic blood pressure also increases your risk of heart attack and stroke.

Summary Docosahexaenoic acid may support the proper functioning of your arteries, improve blood flow and lower blood pressure. 
This may help reduce heart attack and stroke risk.

10. Aids Normal Brain and Eye Development in Babies
Docosahexaenoic acid is essential for brain and eye development in babies. 
These organs grow rapidly during a woman’s last trimester of pregnancy and the first few years of life.

Therefore, it’s important for women to get enough Docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
In a study in 82 babies, the mothers’ Docosahexaenoic acid levels before childbirth accounted for 33% of the difference in the child’s problem-solving ability at age one, suggesting a link between higher DHA levels in mothers and better problem-solving in their children.

Notably, preterm babies have higher Docosahexaenoic acid needs since the majority of this fat is attained during the third trimester.
In a study in 31 preterm babies, daily doses of 55 mg per pound (120 mg per kg) of Docosahexaenoic acid for one month after birth prevented the drop in DHA typically seen after preterm birth, compared to a placebo.

Summary Docosahexaenoic acid is important for a baby’s brain and visual development. 
A mom’s Docosahexaenoic acid is passed to her infant during pregnancy — especially during the third trimester — as well as through breast milk. 
Babies born preterm may benefit from supplemental Docosahexaenoic acid.

11. Supports Men’s Reproductive Health
Almost 50% of infertility cases are due to factors in men’s reproductive health, and dietary fat intake has been shown to affect sperm health.
In fact, low Docosahexaenoic acid status is the most common cause of low-quality sperm and frequently found in men with subfertility or infertility problems.

Getting adequate Docosahexaenoic acid supports both the vitality (percentage of live, healthy sperm in semen) and motility of sperm, which impacts fertility.
Summary Without enough Docosahexaenoic acid, sperm health and motility are compromised, which can reduce a man’s fertility.

12. May Help Protect Mental Health
Up to 20% of Americans live with mild depression while 2–7% have major depression.
Getting adequate amounts of Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA is associated with a reduced risk of depression.

In a study in about 22,000 adults in Norway, those who reported taking cod liver oil daily — which supplied 300–600 mg each of Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA — were 30% less likely to have symptoms of depression than those who didn’t.

While this study does not prove cause and effect, other research suggests ways in which Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA may reduce depression risk.

Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA aid serotonin, a nerve messenger which can help balance your mood. 
The anti-inflammatory effects of these omega-3 fats on nerve cells may reduce depression risk as well.

Summary Adequate
Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA levels are linked to a reduced risk of depression. 
These fats support serotonin — a nerve messenger that helps balance your mood. 
Plus, they have anti-inflammatory effects on nerve cells, which may reduce depression risk as well.

WHAT DOES OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID DO YOU NEED?
Experts have not set a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for Docosahexaenoic acid, but 200–500 mg of DHA plus EPA per day are generally advised for good health. 
This can come from fish, supplements or a combination of both.

There isn’t an upper limit on how much Docosahexaenoic acid you can take, but the FDA has advised limiting total DHA and EPA intake from all sources to 3,000 mg daily, with only 2,000 mg of this limit coming from supplements.

Still, doses used in some studies are higher, and the European Food Safety Authority claims that up to 5,000 mg daily of EPA plus Docosahexaenoic acid in supplements appear safe.
It’s best to discuss omega-3 supplement doses with your doctor for specific health concerns or if you plan to take high doses.

Summary For
general good health, aim for 250–500 mg daily of Docosahexaenoic acid plus EPA from fish, supplements or both. 
For specific health concerns, higher doses may be used with your doctor’s guidance.

FUNCTION / USED FOR DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid has many functions in the body including as a significant component of phospholipid cell membranes in cells found throughout the body.
Docosahexaenoic acid  is especially concentrated in cells in the retina, brain and sperm.

Docosahexaenoic acid provides a rich source of energy and is also used to form eicosanoids – signalling molecules used within the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and endocrine systems.
Eicosanoids formed from omega-3s such as EPA are generally more anti-inflammatory than those formed from omega-6s, meaning they could have an anti-inflammatory effect in the body if consumed in greater amounts.

Docosahexaenoic acid is needed for maintaining good heart health by contributing to normal heart function and supporting normal blood pressure and blood triglycerides levels1.
Docosahexaenoic acid is important in infant development, particularly in prematurely born infants1. 

Docosahexaenoic acid is believed to be necessary to early eye and brain development in the foetus and breastfed babies. 
Docosahexaenoic acid is also thought to support brain development throughout childhood and to support normal brain function and vision throughout life.

These beneficial effects are obtained with a daily intake of1:
• 3g EPA + Docosahexaenoic acid for normal blood pressure;
• 2g EPA + Docosahexaenoic acid for blood triglyceride levels;
• 250mg EPA + Docosahexaenoic acid for normal heart function;
• 250mg Docosahexaenoic acid for brain function and vision and
• 200mg Docosahexaenoic acid plus 250mg EPA + Docosahexaenoic acid for development of brain and eye in the foetus and breastfed babies.

HOW DOES DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID WORK?
Docosahexaenoic acid is mainly located in cell membranes, where it makes the membranes and gaps between cells more fluid. 
This makes Docosahexaenoic acid easier for nerve cells to send and receive electrical signals.

Therefore, adequate levels of Docosahexaenoic acid seem to make it easier, quicker, and more efficient for your nerve cells to communicate.
Having low levels in your brain or eyes may slow the signaling between cells, resulting in poor eyesight or altered brain function.
Docosahexaenoic acid makes the membranes and gaps between nerve cells more fluid, making it easier for cells to communicate.

TOP FOOD SOURCES OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid is mainly found in seafood, such as fish, shellfish, and algae.
Several types of fish and fish products are excellent sources, providing up to several grams per serving. 
These include mackerel, salmon, herring, sardines, and caviar.

Some fish oils, such as cod liver oil, can provide as much as 1 gram of Docosahexaenoic acid in a single tablespoon (15 ml).
Just keep in mind that some fish oils may also be high in vitamin A, which can be harmful in large amounts.

What’s more, Docosahexaenoic acid may occur in small amounts in meat and dairy from grass-fed animals, as well as omega-3-enriched or pastured eggs.
However, it may be hard to get enough from your diet alone.
If you don’t regularly eat these foods, taking a supplement may be a good idea.

Docosahexaenoic acid is mostly found in fatty fish, shellfish, fish oils, and algae. 
Grass-fed meat, dairy, and omega-3-enriched eggs may also contain small amounts.

DIETARY SOURCES OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid is found in cold-water, fatty fish, including salmon, tuna (bluefin tuna have up to 5 times more DHA than other types of tuna), sardines, shellfish, and herring.
Some of these fish have low levels of mercury. 

However, the FDA says that eating several servings of fish each week poses no risk to healthy people and offers many health benefits.
Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should not eat king mackerel, shark, swordfish, and tilefish. 
They should also eat no more than 6 oz. per week of white albacore tuna.

To make sure you get fish oil supplements that are not contaminated with mercury, read labels carefully and check for purity, ask your doctor to help you find the best quality Docosahexaenoic acid supplement.

If the mother is healthy, breastfed babies should get enough Docosahexaenoic acid from breast milk. 
Infant formula may or may not have any Docosahexaenoic acid. 

AVAILABLE FORMS OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid is available as a supplement in two common forms:
Fish oil capsules, which has both Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), another omega-3 fatty acid
Docosahexaenoic acid from algae, which has no EPA

HOW TO TAKE DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Pediatric
Babies who are breastfed should get enough Docosahexaenoic acid if their mothers are getting enough DHA in her diet. 
Some infant formula also has added Docosahexaenoic acid.

Adult
Most studies have used 1,000 to 2,500 mg of Docosahexaenoic acid per day.
In the diet: 2 to 3 servings of fatty fish per week, which equals 1,250 mg EPA and Docosahexaenoic acid per day.
Fish oil supplements: 3,000 to 4,000 mg standardized fish oils per day. 

Read the label to check levels of Docosahexaenoic acid and EPA, which are not the same as mg of fish oil. 
People who take blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin, or people who have hemophilia should check with their doctors for a safe dose.

Pregnant women: 
Ask your doctor if a Docosahexaenoic acid  supplement is right for you, and only use products designed for pregnant women.
Docosahexaenoic acid supplements from algae: 200 mg per day
Some fish oil supplements also have added vitamin E to maintain freshness.

METABOLISM OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid can be metabolized into DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), DHA epoxides, electrophilic oxo-derivatives (EFOX) of DHA, neuroprostanes, ethanolamines, acylglycerols, docosahexaenoyl amides of amino acids or neurotransmitters, and branched Docosahexaenoic acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids, among others.
The enzyme CYP2C9 metabolizes Docosahexaenoic acid to epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs; primarily 19,20-epoxy-eicosapentaenoic acid isomers

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Chemical formula: C22H32O2
Molar mass: 328.488 g/mol
Density: 0.943 g/cm3
Melting point: −44 °C (−47 °F; 229 K)
Boiling point: 446.7 °C (836.1 °F; 719.8 K)
CAS Number: 6217-54-5
EC Number: 612-950-9
M. Wt: 328.49
Formula: C22H32O2
Storage: Store at -20°C
Purity: ≥98%
CAS Number: 6217-54-5

PubChem ID: 445580
InChI Key: MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N
Smiles: CCC=C/CC=C/CC=C/C/C=CC/C=CCCC(O)=O
Physical state: liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: No data available
Melting point/range: -44,5 - -44,1 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 62 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available

pH: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,950 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

FIRST AID MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available